Английский язык в профессиональной сфере

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Прочитайте текст и переведите в письменной форме абзацы 2, 3. Data Processing and Data Processing Systems 1) The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact this is the definition of data processing. Data are a collection of facts — unorganized but able to be o rganized into useful information. Processing is a series of actions or operations that convert inputs into outputs. When we speak of data processing, the input is data, and the output is useful information. So, we can define data processing as a series of actions or operations that converts data into useful information. 2) We use the term data processing system to include the resources that are used to accomplish the processing of data. There are four types of resources: people, materials, facilities, and equipment. People provide input to computers, operate them, and use their output. Materials, such as boxes of paper and printer ribbons, are consumed in great quantity. Facilities are required to house the computer equipment, people, and materials. 3) The need for converting facts into useful information is not a phenomenon of modern life. Throughout history, and even prehistory, people have found it necessary to sort data into forms that were easier to understand. For example, the ancient Egyptians recorded the ebb and flow of the Nile River and used this information to predict yearly crop yields. Today computers convert data about land and water into recommendations to farmers on crop planting. Mechanical aids to computation were developed and improved upon in Europe, Asia, and America throughout the 17th- 19th centuries. Modern computers are marvels of an electronics technology that continues to produce smaller, cheaper, and more powerful components. 4) Five basic operations are characteristic of all data processing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. Inputting is the process of entering data, which are collected facts, into a data processing system. Storing is saving data or information so that they are available for initial or for additional processing. Processing represents performing arithmetic or logical operations on data in order to convert them into useful information. Outputting is the process of producing useful information, such as a printed report or visual display. Controlling is directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed. 5) It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called a data storage hierarchy. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя информацию из текста: 1. What does the term of data processing system mean? 2. What do you understand by resources? 3. How did ancient Egyptians convert facts into useful information? 4. When were mechanical aids for computation developed? 5. What does data storage hierarchy mean? 3. Переведите предложения и определите функцию инфинитива в них (выполняет инфинитив функцию подлежащего, дополнения, определения, обстоятельства или является частью составного сказуемого). 1. Today’s complex computer programs, such as Microsoft Word, consist of many separate programs that are designed to run together. 2. To train highly qualified programmers is extremely important for the development of computer science. 3. Procedures are the steps that you must follow to accomplish a specific computer-related task. 4. You must transfer the information to a storage device, such a disk drive, if you want to keep the information permanently. 5. Efforts to pack more transistors on one chip have led to such a development as Intel’s Pentium Pro microprocessor. 6. Windows and the graphical user interface made it possible to create value-added files – spreadsheets with charts, word processing files that used different fonts and sophisticated formatting. 7. To study this programming language requires much knowledge. 8. In California, for example, a forest ranger uses an electronic spreadsheet to analyze data concerning endangered animal populations. 9. Computers may displace workers by automating tasks that people used to perform or by enabling fewer workers to perform tasks more efficiently. 10. New sound cards even include the possibility to have the computer read a text file to you while you continue working. 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, определяя форму и синтаксическую функцию герундия и при¬частия. 1. Programming is the process of creating a list of stored instructions that tell the computer what to do. 2. A hard disk consists of several platters, with data encoded on both sides of each platter. 3. A cookie is a small piece of data sent to your hard disk by the website. 4. By using an information retrieval program students can store their own information or they can retrieve specific items of information and display them on the screen or on paper. 5. A switch receives incoming transmissions arriving at a node and redirects them through the network to their proper destinations. 6. For many people, computer literacy means simply knowing which key to press. 7. Programming a computer involves analyzing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it. 8. Computers have been important in saving, restoring, and studying works of art from the past. 9. Many small disk notebook computers use a hard card, which is a small disk mounted on an expansion card, rather than a full disk drive and pack. 10. Computer-managed learning is processing and storing students’ exam results, registering and timetabling. 5. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний. 1. unit of data a) двоичный код 2. invalid data b) прикладной про¬граммист 3. application programmer c) видимый блок, устройство 4. means of coding d) смешанного типа, аналого-цифровой компьютер 5. on-going process e) средства кодирования (шиф¬ровки) 6. data storage hierarchy f) продолжающийся, постоянный, непрерывный процесс 7. visible units g) сети передачи данных, сети связи 8. hybrid computer h) неверные, неправильные, недопустимые данные 9. binary code i) единица информации 10. communications networks j) иерархия (последовательность) запоминания информации (данных) 6. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков. 1. British scientists invented а _____ way of multiplying and dividing. a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical 2. A new branch of mathematics,_____ , was invented in England and Germany independently. a) mechanics; b) arithmetic; c) calculus 3. A young American clerk invented a means of coding _____ by punched cards. a) letters; b) data; c) numbers 4. Soon punched cards were replaced by_____ terminals. a) printer; b) scanner; c) keyboard 5. Mark I was the first_____ computer that could solve mathematical problems. a) analog; b) digital; c) mechanical 6. J. von Neumann simplified his computer by storing information in a _____ code. a) analytical; b) numerical; c) binary 7. Vacuum tubes could control and_____ electric signals. a) calculate; b) amplify; c) generate 8. The first-generation computers were_____ and often burned out. a) uncomfortable; b) uncommunicative; c) unreliable 9. Computers of the second generation used_____ , which reduced computational time greatly. a) transistors; b) integrated circuits; c) vacuum tubes 10. Due to_____ the development of the fourth-generation computers became possible. a) microelectronics; b) miniaturization; c) microminiaturization 7. Напишите резюме и сопроводительное письмо к нему на вакансию менеджер IT проектов (IT Project Manager). Контрольная 2. Прочитайте текст и переведите в письменной форме абзацы 3, 4. A Personal Computer (PC) 1) A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. A personal computer (PC) is any general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and original sales price make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an end-user with no intervening computer operator. 2) A personal computer may be a desktop computer, a laptop, a tablet PC, or a handheld PC (also called a palmtop). The most common microprocessors in personal computers are x86-compatible CPUs. Software applications for personal computers include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers and e-mail clients, games, and myriad personal productivity and special purpose software applications. Modern personal computers often have connections to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources. A PC may be used at home or in an office. Personal computers may be connected to a local area network (LAN), either by a cable or a wireless connection. 3) A laptop computer or simply laptop, also called a notebook computer or sometimes a notebook, is a small personal computer designed for portability. Usually all of the interface hardware needed to operate the laptop, such as USB ports (previously parallel and serial ports), graphics card, sound channel, etc., are built in to a single unit. Laptops contain high capacity batteries that can power the device for extensive periods of time, enhancing portability. Once the battery charge is depleted, it will have to be recharged through a power outlet. In the interest of saving power, weight and space, they usually share RAM with the video channel, slowing their performance compared to an equivalent desktop machine. 4) One main drawback of the laptop is sometimes, due to the size and configuration of components, relatively little can be done to upgrade the overall computer from its original design. Internal upgrades are either not manufacturer recommended, can damage the laptop if done with poor care or knowledge, or in some cases impossible, making the desktop PC more modular. Some internal upgrades, such as memory and hard disks upgrades are often easy, a display or keyboard upgrade is usually impossible. The laptop has the same access as the desktop to the wide variety of devices, such as external displays, mice, cameras, storage devices and keyboards, which may be attached externally through USB ports and other less common ports such as external video. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя информацию из текста: 1. What makes a personal computer (PC) suitable for general purposes? 2. What kind of personal computers are there? 3. Is there a variety of software applications for personal computers? 4. How are personal computers connected to a local area network? 5. What is the main drawback of the laptop? 3. Переведите предложения и определите функцию инфинитива в них (выполняет инфинитив функцию подлежащего, дополнения, определения, обстоятельства или является частью составного сказуемого). 1. Using computers has both positive and negative effects on our lives. Our goal is to take advantage of the positives and either reduce the negatives or deal with their results in the best way for you. 2. A database program creates an electronic version of a card file – and the program gives you the tools you need to organize this file and to retrieve information. 3. Only in the 1950s it became business to produce and consume computer languages. 4. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the equality of manufactured products and to increase the productivity of industry. 5. High-level languages were developed to make programming available to most people. 6. When an organization wants to offer communications services to others, it submits a tariff to the government. The tariff is a list of services and charges for the services to be offered. 7. Information must be relevant, timely, accurate, concise and complete in order to be useful. 8. The data to be processed today is highly important to the further program development. 9. When a modem attempts to establish a connection, it automatically negotiates the modem on the other end. 10. Depending on the volume and type of material to be scanned, you can use drum scanners, flatbed scanners, sheet-fed scanners, and even small handheld scanners. 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, определяя форму и синтаксическую функцию герундия и при¬частия. 1. Thus, the (public) methods declared in an interface can easily become private or protected methods of a class implementing the interface. 2. For many people, computer literacy means simply knowing which key to press. 3. Businesses first began using computer systems and setting up computer departments in the 1950s. 4. In designing computers experts have developed new techniques. 5. The device invented by this scientist was another step in the development of computers. 6. We have modified the network while retaining the SFS property. 7. Most people don’t really understand the process of transforming raw data into usable information. 8. In solving these equations you must be very careful with the signs. 2. Everything must have a beginning. 9. Using computers in a classroom enhanced the actual teaching and learning processes. 10. Note that the object does not make its instance variables a part of its interface these are typically accessed by means of accessory methods. 5. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний. 1. to telecommute a) на сенсорной основе 2. router b) техническая проблема 3. packet handling equipment c) главный компьютер 4. internal memory d) вложенные, встроенные функции 5. host computer e) пересылка файлов 6. touch-based f) извлекать, восстанавливать (файл) 7. embedded functions g) работать дистанционно; работать на дому 8. technical challenge h) внутренняя память; внутреннее ЗУ 9. to retrieve i) оборудование для обработки пакетов 10. file transfer j) маршрутизатор; программа прокладки маршрута в сети 6. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков. 1. The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data in the storage device is called the data______ time. a) sequence; b) access; c) value 2. _____ memories have no moving parts. a) electronic; b) mechanical; c) electromechanical 3. Magnetic ______ were the main elements used for primary memory in digital computers for many years. a) cores; b) tapes; c) disks 4. ____ is more commonly used for memory at present. a) bipolar semiconductor; b) MOS; c) field-effect transistor 5. Magnetic disks constitute the ______ storage media. a) internal; b) primary; c) secondary 6. Data are stored in ______ codes in primary as well as in secondary storage. a) digital; b) binary; c) numerical 7. Data access time is ______ in electronic memories than those in electromechanical memories. a) longer; b) much longer; c) shorter 8. Electronic memories have ______ capacities for data storage. a) more; b) larger; c) less 9. Programs and data to be processed must be in the ______ memory. a) internal; b) external; c) secondary 10. The control un it______ instructions from the program. a) sends; b) changes; c) obtains 7. Напишите резюме и сопроводительное письмо к нему на вакансию cистемный программист. |

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Английский язык в профессиональной сфере.docx

2018-05-25 13:45

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