Management of international sport events FIFA World Cup 2018

Introduction 4
1. Project Management 5
1.1 Definition of a project and its difference from a process 5
1.2 Project Management areas 6
1.3 Project Management triangle 10
1.4 Project Lifecycle 12
2. Management of international sport events 14
2.1 Event Management 14
2.2 The sports event planning process 16
2.3 Event marketing 18
2.4 Sports event sponsorship 20
3. Case study: FIFA World Cup 2018 23
3.1 Organization of the World Cup 23
3.2 Budget allocation and financing of the World Cup 25
3.3 Infrastructure 28
Conclusion 31
Literature 33
Table of figures 35
List of tables 35

1.1 Definition of a project and its difference from a process
In modern literature and the internet, an infinite number of definitions of the term “project” can be found, but they are all quite similar.
A project is a temporary endeavor aimed at creating a unique product, service or result. The temporary nature of projects indicates a definite beginning and end. The end comes when the goal of a project is achieved or when a project is terminated due to the fact that its objectives will not or cannot be achieved, or when the project is no longer necessary. The project may also be terminated if the client (customer, sponsor or responsible person) wants to stop the project. "Temporary" does not necessarily imply a short duration of the project. This refers to the involvement in the project and the duration of the project. "Temporary" does not generally apply to a product, service, or result created during a project. Most projects are undertaken to achieve sustainable, long-term results.
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1.2 Project Management areas
There are 9 areas of knowledge in project management:

Fig. 1. Project Management knowledge areas
Source: PMBoK
1. Project integration management includes the processes and activities necessary for identifying, defining, combining, unifying and coordinating the various processes and operations project management within groups of project management processes. This area of expertise may include the development of a project charter that formally authorizes the project or the project phase. Also, the development of a preliminary description of the content of the project, which includes the most general statement of content.
Project integration management includes making decisions about resource allocation, finding trade-offs between competing objectives and alternatives, and managing the interdependencies between areas of knowledge on project management.
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1.3 Project Management triangle
"We will do it better, faster and cheaper than anyone else. Choose from these three conditions two." Engineers have been saying this to project managers for decades. If we formulate this idea a little differently, each project is a triangle in which time, costs and scope are balanced — it is impossible to change one of the factors without affecting at least one of the others. The task of the project Manager is to ensure that the triangle does not break up.

Fig. 4. Project Management triangle
Source: https://clearbridgemobile.com/the-project-management-triangle-how-to-manage-constraints-and-ship-on-time/ (published 18.08.2015, accessed 17.02.2018)
Following are a couple of examples of how the triangle works:
• To bring the end date (time) closer, more resources can be spent (cost) or some features can be removed (scope) to have less work.
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1.4 Project Lifecycle
Project life cycle is a set of phases through which a project passes with the moment of its initiation until closing. The phases are usually sequential and their names and quantity are determined by the management and control needs of the organization. The project can be divided into phases depending on functional or partial objectives, intermediate or deliverable results, and specific control events within the overall work content or availability of finance.
Phases are usually limited in time and have a start and end or a control points. The life cycle can be documented within the framework of the methodology. The project life cycle can be defined or shaped by unique aspects of the organization, industry, or technology used. While each project has a certain beginning and end, the specific results and actions taking place in this interval vary widely for each project.
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2.1 Event Management
The event industry is closely connected with the concept of project management. Event management is the application of project management to the creation and development of large-scale events such as festivals, conferences, ceremonies, weddings, formal parties, concerts, or conventions. [5] The process of event management or events has the following characteristics:
• The event management process is always aimed at achieving a specific goal, which is determined at the planning and design stage;
• Project manager is obliged to coordinate the numerous tasks that need to be performed within a given event;
• Each event project is unique in terms of results and content, there are no repetitive activities; each event has contractual requirements for time and budget;
• Maximum use of information, human, technical and material resources;
• Any event has a specific duration or "project life cycle" with start and end.
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2.2 The sports event planning process
It is essential that any potential long-term benefits, event-related strategies should be fully integrated into strategies that ensure long-term success. First of all, the inclusion of a profitability forecast at the stage of the feasibility study of planning activities process will allow organizers to not only predict the extent of benefits from their events and budget respectively, but through this forecast will receive support for the event at an early and appropriate stage.
Secondly, implementation strategies for using any new facilities and regeneration projects must be built in to ensure they are long-term futures.
Thirdly, assessing the impact of such an event requires more than just assessment of short and medium-term economic and cultural benefits.
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2.4 Sports event sponsorship
In 2000, DVAG, a German asset management company, paid Michael Schumacher £ 5 million for a 10 cm wide space on the front of his cap. He wore the cap whenever he was in the media's eyes after winning the Formula 1 championship race. Such is his strength that his Ferrari team was able to attract around £ 60 million in sponsorship, which included branding space on the rest of his racing clothes. [15]
Sponsorship in the field of sports is currently a highly developed communication tool, with most of the costs focused on sports events. The market is in growth, but the signs are that it is maturing, on the one hand, with an increase in income, and on the other - with new proposals. Indeed, while the sports sponsorship sector is the most complex and developed, other sectors are also growing.
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3.1 Organization of the World Cup
The FIFA World Cup (often also called the World Cup) is the most important international football competition. The World Championships are held by FIFA-the governing body of world football, and men's and women's national football teams of all FIFA member countries can participate in them, respectively. The finals of the world Cup have a large audience and attract great interest throughout the sports world, sometimes surpassing the number of spectators of the main sports tournament - the Olympic Games. Therefore, of course, holding such a large-scale tournament, which has tremendous popularity in the world, is a huge commercial benefit and economic efficiency.
The FIFA world Cup is an international competition that is held every four years.
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3.2 Budget allocation and financing of the World Cup
Financial planning of the event is a key component of the goals of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The budgeting process clearly provides for the harmonization of objectives from the beginning, but ultimately the financial control of the event includes additional key elements. The budget of the event could be used as a performance indicator, as its objectives could be revised to identify any deviation from income or expenditure projections.
The upcoming world Cup, which will be held from June 15 to July 15 2018 in Russia, will be a great time for millions of football fans around the world and for the national economy. Sports events of this scale, of course, contribute to the image of the host country. In addition, the preparation and organization of the world-class tournament traditionally contribute to the development of sports, transport and social infrastructure.
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Conclusion
Project management is a recognized worldwide branch of professional activity and a special area of management in commercial and non-commercial organizations. The importance of project management in the modern world is difficult to overestimate, because any organization, even the smallest, implements new initiatives, most of which are nothing but projects.
An important aspect in the question of relevance of the chosen theme is the popularization of physical culture in the modern world. Indeed, the popularity of sport and healthy lifestyles among all segments of the population, particularly among young people, is a great achievement in any country. However, it is important to know and understand that behind all this is a huge work on the organization and conduct of sports events of any level.
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Literature
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6. Bowdon G, McPherson G, Flinn J, Identifying and analyzing existing research undertaken in the events industry, Association for events management education, p. 106, 2013.
7. Mark Kozak-Holland, The History of Project Management, Multi-Media Publications, 2011.
8.
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