Австралийский вариант английского языка

Australian English is a regional dialect which shares its linguistic inventory with Southern British English through the historical connection with the dialects of the British Isles in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and aboriginal language. Speakers of present-day Australian English are typically those who are born in Australia or who immigrate at an early age when peer influence is maximal. Such speakers fall into three major dialect subgroups: Standard Australian English, Aboriginal English and Ethnocultural Australian English. Standard Australian English is the dominant dialect and is used by the vast majority of speakers. It is a salient marker of national identity, and is used in broadcasting and in public life. The Aboriginal and Ethnocultural varieties are minority dialects allowing speakers to express their cultural identity within the multicultural Australian context.
But unfortunately the study of Australian English is still a rather neglected topic of linguistic research especially if it is compared with the work done on the American and British versions of English. This situation has improved since the days of the pioneering works of S. Baker, A. Mitchell and A. Delbridge but outside Australia there is virtually only a handful of studies to be found. Notable exceptions are the works of R. Dabke (1976) and G. Leitner (1984). K. Lentzner (1891) studied Australian English in the nineteenth century.
The first works on Australian English focused on the origin of the particular Australian pronunciation, the mixing of dialects and the vocabulary of settlers and convicts. The main protagonists of this period were S. Baker, D. Blair, R.D. Eagleson, G. Gunn, R.K. Langker, W.S. Ramson and G.W. Turner. But in the 1970s the interest in the historical study of Australian English declined rapidly and gave way to studies of present-day usage with special attention devoted to the language contact situation of Aborigines and immigrants, sociolinguistic variables and differences and similarities between the usage of English in Australia and other parts of the world. Among the most prominent names and works are D. Bradley, P. Bryant, M. Clyne, P. Collins and D. Blair, E. Eisikovitz, B/M. Horvath, A.G. Mitchell and A. Delbridge, M. Newbrook and other scholars. But though there are many scientific works concerning the Australian English this variant of the English language need in additional researches due to their complication and versatility.
The purpose of this work is to provide a description of the main features of Australian English in common.
With this purpose the following goals were carried out:
- to give the common characteristics to the Australian English as a version of the English language;
- to trace the specific features of the Australian English in phonetics, grammar, lexis and phraseology to determine its difference from the British version of English;
- to analyze the sociolinguistic situation in present-day Australia and to prove its influence to the Australian English;
- to view the multicultural status of Australian English.
In our qualification work we used the descriptive, comparative, definitive and cultural methods of researches.

Theoretical basis of our research are the scientific works of the following scholars: S. Baker, L. Bauer, J. Bennet, J. Bernard, D. Blair, S. Butler, R. Burchfield, S. Castles, M. Clyne, P. Collins, F. Cox, R. Dabke, W.H. Douglas, W.B. Gudykunst, J. Holm, B.M. Horvath, O. Jespersen, J. Jupp, A. Knight, G. Leitner, I.G. Malcolm, M. Newbrook, I. Piller, B. Taylor, P. Trudgill, G.W. Turner and others.
Practical basis of the work is the data of the lexicographical sources (explanatory dictionaries, etymological dictionaries, historical and cultural encyclopedias, dictionaries of special lexis, books on history of Australia and Australian languages, ecc.)

Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Australian English as a version of the English language 6
1.1. Varieties of English: some introductory remarks 6
1.2. The main versions of the English language: a historical survey of the varieties 7
1.3. The origin and the development of the Australian English. 11
Chapter 2. Specific features of the Australian English 21
2.1. Phonology 21
2.2.1. The system of vowels 22
2.2.2. The system of consonants 25
2.2. Grammar peculiarities of Australian English 27
2.3. The semantical and phraseological peculiarities of Australian English 31
2.3.1. National specific of the vocabulary of Australian English 31
2.3.2. Phraseology of Australian English and its national features 48
Chapter 3. Sociolinguistic situation in present-day Australia. 53
3.1. Aboriginal languages 53
3.2. Social dialects in Australian English 58
3.2.1. Slang 59
3.2.2. Native and non-native colloquialisms in Australian English 67
3.3. Ethnic varieties of Australian English 70
3.4. Intercultural communication in Australia 74
Conclusion 81
List of sources 84

Работа написана на английском языке. Это полное исследование английского языка, функционирующего в Австралии. В ней рассматриваются фонетические, лексические, грамматические и др. аспекты. Кроме того, анализируется влияние на австралийский английский языка аборигенов Австралии, британского и американского вариантов в контексте социолингвистической ситуации. Работа защищена на "отлично" в Белгородском государственном университете. Оригинальность по ayntiplagiat.ru - 95%

List of sources

1. Baker S. Popular Dictionary of Australian Slang. – Melbourne: Roberston & Mullens Limited, 1943.
2. Baker S. The Australian Language: An Examination of the English Language and English Speech as Used in Australia, from Convict Days to the Present. - Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1966.
3. Bauer L. An Introduction to International Varieties of English. – Scotland: Edinburgh University Press, 2002. – 135 p.
4. Bennett G. Wanderings in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore, and China, being the journal of a naturalist in those countries, during 1832, 1833, and 1834. - London, 1834.
5. Bernard J. Australian pronunciation. // Delbridge A. The Macquarie dictionary. - Sydney: Macquarie Library, 1981. - Pp. 18–27.
6. Bernard J. On the uniformity of Australian English. – Orbis. 1969. – P. 62 –73.
7. Blake B.J. Australian Aboriginal Languages. - Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1981.
8. Blair D. Australian English and Australian identity // Schultz G. The languages of Australia. Occasional paper. Australian Academy of the Humanities Symposium. – Canberra: Highland Press, 1993. – Рр. 62–70.
9. Blair D., Collins P. English in Australia – Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001. – 368 рю
10. Borowsky T. The vocalization of dark /l/ in Australian English. // D.B. Blair & P. Collins (Eds.), Varieties of English around the world: English in Australia. - Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2001. – P. 70 – 87.
11. Burchfield R. The Cambridge History of the English Language. – Cambridge University Press, 1994. – 626 p.
12. Butler S. Slang in Australian English // http://www.emendediting.com/html/ezine/issue3/PDFs/BUTLER.pdf
13. Castles S. Australian Multiculturalism: social policy and identity ina changing society // Freeman G.P. & Jupp J. Nations of immigrants: Australia, the United States and international migration. – South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1992. – Pp. 18 – 201.
14. Clyne M. “2nd generation’ foreigner talk in Australia”. // International Journal of the Sociology of Language. – 1981. - № 28. – Pp. 69 – 80.
15. Collins P., Blair D. Australian English. The Language of a New Society. – St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1989.
16. Cook J. The Journals of Captain Cook on his Voyages of Discovery: the Voyage of the Endeavour 1768-1771, ed. J. Beaglehole. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
17. Cox F. Australian English pronunciation into the 21st century // Prospect. - 2006. – Vol. 21. – № 4. – Pp. 3 – 21.
18. Cunningham P.M. Two Years in New South Wales; a Series of Letters, comprising sketches of the actual state of society in that colony, of its peculiar Bibliography advantages to emigrants, of its topography, natural history, etc., etc. London: Henry Colburn,l 1827.
19. Dabke R. Morphology of Australian English. – München: Wilhelm Fink, 1976.
20. Defoe D. A Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain. / With an Introduction by G. D. H. Cole. – London: Peter Davies, 1927.
21. DIMIA. More than sixty years of Post-War migrations // http://www.immi.gov.au/facts/04fifty. htm (Retrieved: 2006, May 15th).
22. Dixon R.M.W. The Languages of Australia (Cambridge Language Surveys). - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
23. Donaldson I. & Donaldson T. Seeing the First Australians. - London: Allen and Unwin, 1985.
24. Douglas W.H. Illustrated Topical Dictionary of the Western Desert language. - Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1977.
25. Douglas W.H. The Aboriginal Languages of the South-west of Australia. - Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, 1976.
26. Early Australian letters: A linguistic analysis. – Germany, 2003.
27. English in the World: History, Diversity, Change / Edited by Philip Seargeant and Joan Swann. – USA: Routledge, 2012.
28. Fillmore Ch. Regularity and idiomaticity in grammatical constructions. // Language. – 1988. - № 64 (3). – Р.р. 510–538.
29. Giles E. Australia Twice Traversed: the Romance of Exploration being a Narrative compiled from the journals of Five Exploring Expeditions into and through Central South Australia and Western Australia from 1872 to 1876. - London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1889.
30. Gudykunst W.B. Cross-cultural and intercultural communication. – Thousand Oaks: SAGE, 2003.
31. Gudykunst W.B. & Kim Y.Y. Communicating with strangers: An approach intercultural communication. – Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
32. Gunn J.S. Social contexts in the history of Australian English // Tim W. Machan and Charles T. Scott, eds. English in its Social Contexts: Essays in Historical Sociolinguistics. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. – Pp. 204-229.
33. Hammarström G. Australian English: its Origin and Status. - Hamburg: Buske, 1980.
34. Holm J. Pidgins and Creoles, vol. II. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1889.
35. Horvath B.M. Variation in Australian English: The sociolects of Sydney. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
36. The Dictionary of Varieties of English. – UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2014.
37. Jespersen O. Language: its Nature, Development, and Origin. - London: Allen and Unwin, 1922.
38. Jupp J. From White Australia to Woomera: the story of Australian immigration. – Port Melbourne: Cambridge Univercity Press, 2002.
39. Jupp J. Immigration. – Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1991.
40. Jupp J. & Australia Bureau of Immigration Multicultural and Population Research. Understanding Australian multiculturalism. – Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1996.
41. Knight A. South Australian Aboriginal words surviving in Australian English. // . Burton & J. Burton (eds.) Lexicographical and Linguistic Studies. - Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. – Pp. 151 - 162.
42. Leitner G. Beyond Mitchell’s views on the history of Australian English // Australian Journal of Linguistics. - 2004. – Pp. 99–125.
43. Leitner G. ‘You’re not supposed to say nothing to nobody’ - about Australian English grammar. // Riemenschneider D. Critical Approaches to the New English Literatures and Language Studies - A Challenge to Comparative Studies. – Essen: Die Blaue Eule, 1989. – P. 142 - 154.
44. Lentzner K. Colonial English: a Glossary of Australian, Anglo-Indian, Pidgin English, West Indian and South African Words. - London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co, 1891.
45. Lindblom B. Phonetic universals in vowel systems. // J.J. Ohala & J.J. Jaeger (Eds.). Experimental phonology - Orlando: Academic Press, 1986. – Pp. 13 – 44.
46. Lustig M.W. & Koester J. Intercultural competence: interpersonal communication across cultures. – New York: Longman, 1999.
47. Macquarie Book of Slang: Australian Slang in 90s. / edited by James Lambert. - Macquarie Library Pty Ltd., 1996.
48. McClure J. D. Some features of standard English as spoken in South-West Scotland. – Edinburgh University, unpublished M.Litt. dissertation, 1970.
49. Malcolm I.G. Aboriginal English: Adopted code of a surviving culture // In D.B. Blair & P. Collins (Eds.), Varieties of English around the world: English in Australia. - Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2001. - Pp. 201–222.
50. Min Jeong Ko. A case study of intercultural communication in a multicultural classroom in the Brisbane Metropolitan area: BA, Bed Dissertation. – Canberra, 2008. – 134 p.
51. Mitchell A. The pronunciation of English in Australia. - Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1946.
52. Mitchell A., Delbridge A. The pronunciation of English in Australia. – Sydney: Angus and Robertsonб 1965.
53. National Multicultural Advisory Council. Australian multiculturalism for a new century: Towards inclusiveness. – Canberra, 1999.
54. Newbrook M. Unrecognized grammatical and semantic features typical of Australian English // English World Wide, 1992. – P. 1 - 32.
55. O’Farrell P. The Irish in Australia and New Zealand 1791-1870 // Vaughan W.E. A New History of Ireland, vol. V. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. – Pp. 661-681.
56. Partridge E. A Dictionary Of Slang And Unconventional English / ed. Paul Beale. - London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984.
57. Peters P. Similes and other evaluative idioms in Australian English // Phraseology and Culture in English / edited by Paul Skandera. – Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2007. – P. 235 – 255.
58. Piller I. Linguistics and Intercultural Communication // Language and Linguistic Compass. – 2007. - № 1/3. – Р. 208 – 226.
59. Ramson W.S. Australian English: an Historical Study of the Vocabulary 1788-1898. - Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1966.
60. Scollon R., Scollon S.W. Intercultural communication: A discourse approach. – Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2000.
61. Taylor B. Some new and some not so new developments in Australian English: Grammatical, semantic and pragmatic aspects of the pronoun. Lecture delivered at the Phillips Universität Marburg, 1994.
62. Tench W. Sydney’s first four years: being a reprint of A narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay and a complete account of the settlement at Port Jackson, with an introduction and annotations by L. F. Fitzhardinge. – Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1961.
63. Tollfree L. Variation and change in Australian consonants: Reduction of /t/. // D.B. Blair & Collins P. (Eds.), Varieties of English around the world: English in Australia - Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2001. – Pp. 45 – 67.
64. Trudgill P. New dialect formation: The inevitability of colonial Englishes. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
65. Trudgill P., Hannah J. International English. – London, 1994. – 161 p.
66. Turner G.W. On the origin of Australian vowel sounds. – AUMLA. – Pp. 33-45.
67. Turner G.W. The English Language in Australia and New Zealand. – London: Longman, 1966.
68. Vaux J.H. The Memoirs of James Hardy Vaux, a swindler and thief, now transported to New South Wales for the Second Time, and for Life. Written by himself. – London: Hunt and Clarke, 1827.
69. Wells J. Accents of English. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
70. Wells J. Transcribing Estuary English: A discussion document. Speech, - Hearing and Language: UCL Work in Progress, 1994. – Pp. 259 – 267.
71. Yallop C. A.G. Mitchell and the development of Australian pronunciation // Australian Journal of Linguistics. – 2003. - № 23. – Рр. 129 –141.