Неологизмы в англоязычных средствах массовой информации

Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Theoretical aspects of studying neologisms 6
1.1. The origin, definition and conception of neologisms 6
1.2. Classification of neologisms 13
1.3. Methods of forming neologisms 18
1.4. Features of the stylistic use of neologisms in mass media 25
Chapter 2. Neologism as a linguistic phenomenon in mass media texts 31
2.1. Affixation as a the most productive model of forming new word in mass media texts 31
2.2. Compounding in mass media texts 37
2.3. Blending as an unusual method of word-formation 41
2.4. Conversion in mass media texts 52
2.5. Abbreviations and acronyms in mass media 56
Conclusion 57
Bibliography 59

1.1. The origin, definition and conception of neologisms

The English language as any language in the world is developing and changing due to the processes taking place in economic, social, political, cultural and scientific life. These changes occur in many different spheres: grammar, pronunciation and mainly in vocabulary as words are represented as building blocks of the communication process. The words which have recently appeared in any language are called “neologisms”. They mainly represent the evolving nature of the English language.
We must emphasize that the term “neologism” is not used only in linguistics, it can also be found in other sciences. And if we take some science in particular, we may see that all of them reflect the essence of the notion, as there is “always something new”.
M. Janssen states that without the possibility of verifying a word as new against a stable language setting, the notion of a neologism reduces to a subjective feeling of being new...
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1.2. Classification of neologisms

One of the problem which is the principal question of neology is the problem of neologisms’ classification. Unfortunately it has not been settled yet; there is no single way of classifying them. Various classifications worked out by scientists are based on different aspects of neologism.
The Russian linguist L.A. Haham classifies neologisms on their semantic and structural peculiarities. As a result his classification is named as the structural-semantic classification of neologisms.
According to his classification, neologisms is divided into:
● words in which both the form and the meaning are new:
● words in which the form is new, but the meaning has already existed in some other words:
● words in which the meaning is new but the form has existed before [Arnold 1978: 56].
E.V. Rosen, famous Russian linguist, classifies neologisms according to their structure, so it can be considered the structural classification of neologisms [Заботкина 1989: 7].
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1.3. Methods of forming neologisms

English language provides many ways to produce new words. Methods of forming neologisms are the following: affixation, compounding, conversion, shortening, abbreviation, acronyms, blending. Dwell on them.
1. Affixation
Affixation has always been one of the most productive ways of forming new words. Affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to bases.
The process itself can be divided into two subgroups: prefixation (adding prefixes) and suffixation (adding suffix). Prefix is a morpheme that is added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning and make a new word. Suffix is a morpheme that is added to the end of a word to form a new word.
For the last 25 years there were used 103 suffixes while formation new words in English such as -ability, -able, -ас, -dom, -ed, -ее, -eer, -er/or, -ers, -ery, -ese, -est, -eteria, -ette, -ic, -ica, -ician, -ino, -ion, -ish, -ism, -ist, -ium, ly, -metry, -o and many others.
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1.4. Features of the stylistic use of neologisms in mass media

Mass media such as television, newspapers, magazines, and radio are the means of communication that reach large numbers of people in a short time. The mass media produce great influence on the English language, and in this respect especially newspapers and broadcasting should be mentioned because it is their duty to report things as they happen and thus they are often in need of new terms to describe new happenings, ideas and inventions. Therefore journalists are those who play an important role in creating and spreading neologisms.
Considering the history of the English newspaper writing, we find out that it dates back to the 17th century. The first newspapers carried only news, without comments, as commenting was considered to be against the principles of journalism.
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2.2. Compounding in mass media texts

Compounding is the most productive type of word formation process in English and the journalists often uses it in their publications.
In mass media texts we can find the vast majority of compounds derived from the syntactical structures. For example:
Has-been – “someone who was important or popular but who has now been forgotten”.
At first this word had the meaning “political figure who has no authority any more” (a political has-been). But now it nominates the obsolete goods, trechnologies, ecc.
Know-how – “knowledge, practical ability, or skill to do something”
“No other company had the technical know-how to deal with the disaster” [Observer. – 2011. – March 5].
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2.3. Blending as an unusual method of word-formation

Blending differs from the affixation and compounding in that it involves two or (rarely) more base words (instead of only one), but shares with truncations a massive loss of phonetic (or orthographic) material. Blending has often been described as a rather irregular phenomenon, but we can find a surprising degree of its regularity in mass media texts of the 21st century.
There are many classifications of blends in liguistic literature. We consider the typology of J. Algeo to be more appropriate.
J.
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2.4. Conversion in mass media texts

There are a number of other ways to create new words on the basis of already existing ones.
In mass media we face with the different types of conversion but conversion as a method of word-formation is used by journalists quire rarely. The schoolar state that only 3 per cent of all the new words are derived by conversion.
The most principle model of conversion word-formation is N → V:
back-stroke → to back-stroke
lesion → to lesion
polygraph → to polygraph
red-line → to red-line
carpool → to carpool
For example:
“After 22 years and says he wrote ‘See No Evil’ in 2002 ‘out of anger’ at the spy bureaucracy, which had ordered him polygraphed twice in one year because of what he considered groundless suspicions” [New York Times. – 2005. – March 15].
Polygraph – “a piece of equipment that is used by the police to find out whether someone is telling the truth”;
To polygraph –“to find out whether someone is telling the truth using the polygraph”.
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2.5. Abbreviations and acronyms in mass media

Abbreviations are similar in nature to blends, because both blends and abbreviations are amalgamations of parts of different words.
The reasons for using abbreviated forms are obvious enough. One is the desire for linguistic economy - the same motivation which makes us want to criticize someone who uses two words where one will do. As usual abbreviation is used in the scientific articles. For the last years abbreviation is quite frequency in the publications on the computer subjects.
So if terminological word-combinations are used very often they are changes by abbreviation. For example, at present a term Message Handling System is often denoted by the abbreviation MHS:
“Actually, both Lotus and Microsoft support some form of MHS” [New York Times. – 2001. – June 26].
American journalists are inclined towards abbreviation of every new concept appearing in the English language.
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Conclusion

Language has become an important issue all over the world today. It is a well known historical fact that all languages are constantly in a state of change. Changes can occur in grammar or vocabulary. However, English, unlike other languages, is recognized as the world’s international language. Every day, millions of people in the world communicate in English, so change or novelty in English becomes more notable than that in any other language.
In the present qualification paper we have examined the forming of neologisms, and their different types according to their structure and meaning. We have dwelled on such methods of word-formation as affixation, compounding, blending, conversion, abbreviation.
Having studied the process of affixation in English we saw that many new suffixes and prefixes appeared in English. The journalist are used them for forming new words.
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