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Конспект по теме The state and its elements (Political science)
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State is a natural, the most universal and the most powerful of all social institutions. It is the highest form of human association, which emerges due to the basic needs of life.
The term “state”, derived from the word “status”, was first used by Niccolo Machiavelli in his writings.
Woodrow Wilson, Aristotle, Holland, Burgess, Sidgwick, Garner and others defined “state” by using different words, but the meaning in general stayed the same.
A state has 4 basic elements which are essential for its existence. They are
1. Physical basis of the state
a. Population
b. Territory
2. Political bases
a. Government
b. Sovereignty
Population
As state is a social institution, it can not exist without humans. People are the integral part of the state. The number of people plays a great role for the state. According to some Greek philosophers and thinkers, there is an ideal number, which is neither too large nor too small.
Territory
There is no state without a fixed territory. It serves to organize people socially and politically.
It includes land, water and even air.
Territory of a state has no limits. It can be whether small or big, located wherever it is possible.
Government
It is the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states; direction of the affairs of a state, community, etc.; political administration
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is supreme and independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state or community.
The word itself is derived from Latin ‘superanus’ what means “supreme”. It was Jean Bodin who came up with this term in 16th century and is considered to be a father of modern theory of sovereignty.
There is two aspects of sovereignty:
1. Internal sovereignty (the state is supreme over all the citizens).
2. External (the state is independent from foreign control).
Society and state
There are some differences between these 2 notions. For instance, the state is a part of society, and not its form. Thus, society is wider in scope than State. Society is a very broad and comprehensive organisation of human beings. State constitutes the sovereign power-system of the Society.
From the point of view of organization the state is a single organization – legal, whereas society comprises within itself many organizations
According to the purposes of state, society is prior to State.
State is a politically organised unity of the people, Society is a natural unity of people bound together in social relationships
According to Prof. Earnest Barker there are tree main points at which state and society are different
1. Purpose or function
2. Organisation and structure
3. Method
But society comprising of a plurality of associations, acts for a variety of purposes other than legal. These purposes are
1. Intellectual
2. Moral
3. Religious
4. Economic
5. Aesthetic and
6. Recreational
State and Nation
The word “nation” is derived from the Latin word “natio” hich means birth or race. In common usage, the terms State and Nation are often used as synonyms. For example, when we say ‘Western nations’ or ‘Asian nations’ or ‘African nations’, we do not mean nations but States. Similarly, the ‘United Nations’ is in reality an organisation of nation-states. A nation is a large group or collective of people with common characteristics attributed to them - including language,traditions, mores (customs), habitus (habits), and ethnicity.
The elements of State and Nation are different. The State has four elements—population, territory, government, and sovereignty. In the absence of even one element, a State cannot be really a State. A state is always characterised by all these four elements. On the contrary, a nation is a group of people who have a strong sense of unity and common consciousness.
State and Government.
In a popular talk the terms the 'State' and Government" are very often used synonymously. The political scientists make a clear distinction between the State and government.
Branches of government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Executive - branch of government that has authority and responsibility for the daily administration of state bureaucracy
The executive who exercise real power is the real executive. The executive who has nominal power is the nominal executive.
Powers and functions of executive are :
1. Enforcing law
2. Maintaining peace and order.
3. Repelling aggression.
4. Building friendly relations with other states
5. When necessary to wage war to protect the country.
6. Making appointments to higher posts.
7. Raising money and spending them.
8. Convening the sessions of the legislature and conducting
business.
9. Issues ordinances whenever the legislature is to in session.
10. Implement schemes and projects to improve he social and
economic conditions of the people.
11. Power to grant pardon, reprieve or remission of punishment
Legislature - is the law making branch.
The legislature of the union is called the parliament in
India. It consists of two chambers.
1. The House of the People or the Lok Sabha as the Lower
House.
2. The Council of State or the Rajya Sabha as theUpper House
The functions of legislature are
a) Enact laws
b) Oversee administration
c) Pass the budget
d) Hear public grieveances.
e) Discuss subjects like
1) Development plans
2) National policies
3) International relations.
Judiciary (also known as the judicial system or court system) is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state.
Functions of Judiciary:
1. Administration of justice.
2. To determine what is law and what is the cope and
meaning of it.
3. To give advisory opinion on matters referred to it.
4. To issue orders or writs for the purpose of preventing
violation of rights and laws.
5. To acts as guardian of the constitution.
The state and its elements
Summary of the topic
Political science, 2015
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