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Эссе по международным отношениям на тему “The Analysis of the relations between Russia and NATO from the English School Perspective”
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The history of the relations between Russia and NATO can be characterised by frequent political tensions and complexity. Russia’s centralised control over political and military structures causes discontent in NATO, which advocates for democratic governance and democratic control over its armed forces. Russia, in turn, constantly displays animosity towards NATO and opposes attempts of neighbours to develop closer relations with the organisation, considering it a threat to its borders. In this essay, the dynamics of relations between these two parties will be analysed from the perspective of the English school of International Relations, which is a theory built around three main notions: international system, international society and world society. According to Hedley Bull, one of the key representatives of the English School, the international system forms “when two or more states have sufficient contact between them, and have sufficient impact on one another’s decisions to cause them to behave as parts of a whole” (Bull, 1977). Therefore, it is based on power politics among states who exist in the condition of anarchy on the international arena. An international society, in turn, emerges when a group of like-minded states that “conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions” (Bull, 1977). Lastly, in world society individuals, non-state actors, and the global population are “the ultimate units of the great society” (Bull, 1977).
It can be hypothesised that, despite some of the norms being shared by Russia and NATO, the two parties are currently members of different international societies, with divergent interests and values, which cause constant clashes between them. It can be based on Bull’s, Campbell’s, and Watson’s assumption that members of the same international society by dialogue and consent establish “common rules and institutions for the conduct of their relations, and recognize their common interest in maintaining these arrangements” (Campbell, Bull & Watson, 1984). And though both NATO and Russia claim to adhere to Western democratic norms, Russia implements them differently, leading to collision of interests between the two. (Sakwa, 2011).
To prove the hypothesis, important events in NATO-Russia relations should be observed, which will serve as empirical evidence of the confrontation between the two, rather than cooperation between the working institutions and adherence to common rules and values (Bull, 2002).
The first factor which undermined the relations between the two parties is NATO’s expansion eastwards. For a long period of time, Russia demanded NATO to stop expanding to the East, but the organisation insisted on an open-door policy and inclusion of any country which satisfies the criteria for membership. Warsaw Pact nations (Poland, Bulgaria and Romania), Baltic countries, and Sweden and Finland entering NATO, as well as the organisation’s military presence in the eastern part of the alliance has been perceived by Russia’s government as a threat to its security. For many years Vladimir Putin warned NATO that if continued, the expansion would likely be met with serious resistance by the Russians, even with military action (Sauvage, 2022). Russia’s concerns were ignored, that is why the country responded using the method of threatening the opponent: from time-to-time Russia used military drills to signal discontent with Alliance activities. For instance, on 30 October 2013, two days after the official beginning of missile defence site construction in Romania, Russia held a surprise large-scale readiness test of its missile forces, including the firing of four intercontinental and four short-range ballistic missiles. Such an issue would not have arisen between members of the same international society as according to Bull they always “pay some respect to the basic rules of coexistence in international society, such as mutual respect for sovereignty and rules limiting resort to violence” (Bull, 1977). Therefore, there would not occur a situation when one of the members continuously moves closer to the borders of the other, posing a threat to its security and ignoring requests to stop it. Additionally, it can be implied that both sides also violate rules aimed at deterring violence by placing weapons near the borders of the other side and holding military practices near them.
Работа, написанная мной по предмету теория международных отношений, получило максимальную оценку, есть список литературы, цитирования, ссылки на ведущих теоретиков английский школы. все события, описанные в эссе, актуальны. 1415 слов (8019 символов) со списком литературы.
1) Bull, H. (1977). The anarchical society. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24028-9
2) Campbell, J. C., Bull, H., & Watson, A. (1984). The expansion of international society. Foreign Affairs, 63(2), 411. https://doi.org/10.2307/20042191
3) Sakwa, R. (2011). Russia and Europe: whose society? Revue D’intégration Européenne/Journal of European Integration, 33(2), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2011.543526
4) Sauvage, G. (2022, January 30). Did NATO ‘betray’ Russia by expanding to the East? France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/russia/20220130-did-nato-betray-russia-by-expanding-to-the-east
5) Durkalec, J. (2014, March 20). NATO Policy towards Russia after the Crimea Annexation: More Deterrence and Farewell to Partnership. Bulletin. https://pism.pl/upload/images/artykuly/legacy/files/16897.pdf
6) Watson, Adam. “Hedley Bull, States Systems and International Societies.” Review of International Studies, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987, pp. 147–53. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20097109.
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