Socio-Economic & Political Consequences of Napoleonic Wars and its effects on Portugal and its architecture

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...3
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………....4
2. The Impact of the Napoleonic Wars in Portugal…………………………………………………………5
3. Social Consequences……………………………………………………………………………….…….8
4. Economic Consequences ……………………………………………………………………………….10
5. Political Consequences………………………………………………………………………………......13
6. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..…….......16
7. References……………………………………………………………………………………………….18

2. The Impact of the Napoleonic Wars in Portugal

Portugal’s involvement in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars resulted in substantial economic, political and social change revealing interconnections between state and economy that have not been acknowledged fully within the existing literature.
Retrospective analysis suggests that at the beginning of the 19th century, Portugal and their neighboring states like Spain found themselves embroiled in war alongside the rest of Europe in opposition to Napoleon Bonaparte and the French Empire. Napoleonic Wars saw almost an entire two decades of death and destruction, from 1792 to 18152. They were a series of wars between European powers and France.
On the whole, over the course of the wars, Napoleon forced multiple abdications by the King of Spain, who then placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne, as Spain was working alongside with France at that time.
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3. Social Consequences

After the British expelled the French from Lisbon, the royal family chose to remain in Brazil. This meant that there was a power vacuum in Portugal, which was filled by British Generals. The king ruled Portugal via a council of regency, appointing Beresford, as his viceroy. As Beresford was British, it was felt that he would represent British interests as opposed to Portuguese interests, so it was believed that a Portuguese person should hold this post8.
The fact that the king during the war was in Brazil aroused great indignation among the population, especially among the peasants. The lack of a good harvest and the unsuitable land greatly upset the peasants.
Although 80% of the Portuguese were engaged in agriculture, most of the land remained uncultivated, cattle breeding was at such a primitive stage of development that the peasants could not knock down butter and make cheese.
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4. Economic Consequences

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Portugal remained a backward agrarian country. The population of the country was about three million people, and, eighty percent of it lived in rural areas, and worked in the agrarian sector of the economy. The main branches of the Portuguese industry were textile, leather, and food. The Portuguese economy was completely dependents on England. Cheap and quality British factory goods occupied the Portuguese and Brazilian markets.
When Spain and Portugal decided to revolt against Napoleon and his army, Britain saw an opportunity to control and influence on Portugal. General William Beresford (Englishman) was appointed head of the Portuguese army, and the combined British and Portuguese forces expelled the French12. To defeat them, a tactic known as ‘scorched earth’ was used. This was done so that the French soldiers could not get food from the nearest settlements. These actions caused problems with the crop.
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5. Political Consequences

Before the Peninsular war, the monarch had absolute power in Portugal. War contributed to the development of reforms. Liberalism was widely spread in Europe in the post-war period. He also captured Portugal.
The regency council opposed the liberal organization, which sought not only to remove Beresford from its post, but also to achieve a representative constitutional government. At that time, the Portuguese Army was, in fact, the only active national organization, and therefore, when its support was provided to this movement, the success of this movement was guaranteed.
The liberals began to oppose against the monarchy, on which officials reacted, arresting a large number of people. In 1817 General Andrade and 11 accomplices were arrested for treason and eventually were hanged. After the victory of the revolutionary forces in Spain in 1820, the Portuguese military moved to decisive action. On August 24, 1820, the garrison of the city of Porto got up.
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Conclusion

From the foregoing we can conclude that the crisis caused by the French invasion caused a number of political social and economic difficulties.
As soon as Lisbon was occupied, Portugal lost its role as an entrepreneur. Brazilian ports were open for foreign vessels. Restrictions on agriculture, production and inter regional trade in colonies were abolished. The Portuguese authorities fled to colonial lands. As a result, popular uprisings began in Portugal itself. These events have much reduced the level of the economy in the state and worsened the social status of the Portuguese as a whole.
Until 1809, the magnitude and intensity of popular resistance to the French were such that the non-military solution to the conflict was unthinkable.
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1. Alice Berkeley (ed.), “New Lights on the Peninsular War: International Congress on the Iberian Peninsula - Selected Papers 1780-1840”. Calouste Gulbenkian Centre, Lisbon, Portugal 24th-26th July, (Lisboa: British Historical Society of Portugal, 1991).
This edition is a collection of articles on military operations on the Iberian Peninsula during the 1780-1840 period. Includes works of the British Historical Society of Portugal in English, Portuguese, Spanish and French. In this collection, special attention is paid to the study of the course of the Napoleonic military on the peninsula, especially in Portugal, as well as the social life of the country after the hostilities. It discusses the socio-economic and political life of the Portuguese nation, the development of science and culture, including architecture.

2. Anthony Gray, “The French Invasions of Portugal 1807-1811: rebellion, reaction and resistance” (York, MA: University of York, 2011), 22.
This source describes the origins of the French invasion of Portugal, the occupation of Portugal in 1807-1808, and the consequences of the French invasions to Portugal. It reveals the relationship between Portugal and France and England through the prism of their specific foreign policy. It is both relatable and relevant as this research is directly connected to the topic of current paper and its main objectives. The involvement of Portugal in both the Revolutionary as well as the Napoleonic wars caused a considerable change in economic, political as well as the social change showing interconnections existing between the state and the economy that have not fully been acknowledged in the existing write-up. The book looks into various perspectives of such, on one hand, for example, change in the economy and politics was propelled by Dom João's flight, the removal of the court to Rio de Janeiro, and the appointment of a regency council in Lisbon: occurrences which were the outcome of a lot more than just the confluence of external drivers as well as internal pressures in Europe, regardless of how complicated and compelling they may have appeared then. Despite Portugal's governance being surrendered to the regency council, its autonomy hindered by imposition of strict limitations. Once Lisbon, after being occupied, and the imposition of the French military government on Portugal, her continued role as entrepôt, which linked the economy of the South Atlantic to that of the greater Europe, could not be assured. Ports of Brazil allowed access to foreign vessels. The book gives a very elaborate explanation of the war's impacts, not only on the architecture, but also on the economic, political and cultural impacts that the war had on the Portuguese State.

3. Birmingham, David. “A concise history of Portugal”. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
This precise, illustrated Portugal history gives an introduction to its people and their culture, its empire, as well as to its search for modernization in its economic structure, political stability and consequently international partnership. The author studies the implications of the great wealth mined from Brazil, then a Portuguese colony, the expansion of the trade in wine, together with the development of international ties. The author tells about the revolution of 1820 to 1851 and its implications on government to detail, and how it all moved into a dictatorship. Portugal, in 1975, withdrew from all its African colonies. She turned north and joined the European Community in 1986 as a democratic member. The research content in this book gives it an edge over many due to the detailed nature of its content and thus credibility. The proceeding edition updates the story and talks about historical writing on Portugal and its state at the turn of the millennium.
4. Christopher Sailus, “Revolutionary Movements of Portugal and Spain: Political & Economic Development”, AP European History, last modified September 9, 2017. Accessed May 09, 2018, https://study.com/academy/lesson/revolutionary-movements-of-portugal-and-spain-political-economic-developments.html.
Sailus’ article explores the revolutionary movements in both Spain and Portugal in the 19th century and the long struggle between liberal revolutionaries and the traditional monarchies. It is reliable, suitable and connectable because it introduces us to the relationships between Portugal and Spain during those wars. Christopher’s work also highlights the relationship between Portugal and British, which sheds light on the reason as to why Napoleon would launch an attack against Portugal in the first place. While the write-up may not articulate the precise impacts the war may have had on Portugal, it well allows the reader to place Portugal in its predicament at the onset of the nineteenth century. Building from this, one can speculate the possible impacts on Portugal’s architecture and art as they dig deeper into more research content.

5. David A. Bell, “The first total war: Napoleon’s Europe and the birth of warfare as we know it”. (Boston - New York : Houghton Mifflin, 2007.
The twentieth century is usually seen as “the century of total war,” but as the historian David Bell argues in this landmark work, the phenomenon actually began much earlier, in the age of Napoleon. Bell takes us from campaigns of “extermination” in the blood-soaked fields of western France to savage street fighting in ruined Portugal cities to central European battlefields where tens of thousands died in a single day. Between 1792 and 1815, Europe plunged into an abyss of destruction, and our modern attitudes toward war were born. Ever since, the dream of perpetual peace and the nightmare of total war have been bound tightly together in the Western world—where “wars of liberation,” such as the one in Iraq, can degenerate into gruesome guerrilla conflict.

6. David Buttery, “Wellington against Junot: the first invasion of Portugal, 1807-1808”. (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2011).
In this publication the author narrates about the first French invasion of Portugal in 1807 - which was commanded by Junot, one of Napoleon's most experienced generals - was a key event in the long, brutal Peninsular War. It was the first campaign fought in the Peninsular by Sir Arthur Wellesley, later Duke of Wellington, yet it tends to be overshadowed by more famous episodes in the six-year conflict that followed. David Buttery, in this original and perceptive new study, sets the record straight - his tightly focused narrative covers the entire campaign in vivid detail.

7. Eugenia Mata. “Order and progress or order versus progress? The Portuguese social dilemma of the mid-19th century”// Estudos de Economia, vol. xm, n-2, Jan.-Mar., 1993. Accessed May 09, 2018, https://www.repository.utl.pt/bitstream/10400.5/9478/1/ee-em.pdf.
In this study, the author examines the Portuguese lot during the first third of the 19th century, including the wars against France and Spain, the increase of British influence in Portuguese affairs, the independence of Brazil, economic stagnation and monetary disarray, the civil conflicts as well. Eugenia Mata reveals a new ideal of order and progress according to the liberal blueprint of Portugal, namely сultural aspects of the liberal blueprint, economic liberalism, Comtian positivism, and institutional reforms which included the administrative and judicial reforms, the fiscal, education and property reforms.

8. Frederick H. Black Jr., “Diplomatic Struggles: British Support in Spain and Portugal, 1800 – 1810”. (Unpublished PhD Thesis : Florida State University, 2005). Accessed May 09, 2018, https://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:181966/datastream/PDF/view
Historians have studied the Peninsular War in great detail for almost 200 years. Most of these works have focused on the military exploits of the involved nations or the individual participants. Those who have examined the diplomatic aspects of the war between France and Great Britain usually focus on the later years of the war when more famous men served in the important positions. The latter period of the conflict also receives more attention from the military standpoint, so there is little surprise in the fact that diplomacy studies often mirror that emphasis. Contemporary scholars have largely overlooked the decade leading up to the conflict, 1800 – 1807. The same observation holds true as well for the early years of the conflict, 1808 – 1810. This dissertation examines these important years, and their influence, on the Peninsular War. The efforts of the British to support both the Spaniards and the Portuguese in the initial years of their struggle against France proved critical to the success eventually achieved in Iberia. In particular, the roles played by two British diplomats, John Hookham Frere and John Charles Villiers, demonstrate the difficulties faced by the British in this endeavor. Their efforts in both Spain and Portugal over the first decade of the nineteenth century typify the British experience in creating, solidifying, and maintaining alliances against France. These men dealt with unstable regency governments, a shortage of money, and even a lack of indigenous popular support at times. This dissertation takes an important step in presenting a more complete story of the British diplomatic struggle in the early years of the Peninsular War.

9. H.V. Livermore. “Portugal: A Short History”. (Short Histories of Europe, 3.) Edinburgh University Press; distrib. by Aldine Publishing Company, Chicago. 1973. P. 136.
In this work, the author briefly but colorfully and in a peculiar way describes the history of the emergence, formation, and development of Portugal, characterizes the economic, political and social relations in the country, its relations with other countries. The study deals with a wide range of problems, from internal management of the country to study its culture and important personalities. In this study, we were interested in the period of the Napoleonic military and their consequences for the studied country.

10. I.S. Gladkov, M.G. Piloyan, “The history of the world economy”. Publishing house "Prospekt", September 30, 2015. Accessed May 09, 2018, https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=mPyjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1813&lpg=PA1813&dq;=история+мировой+экономики+португалия&source=bl&ots=KOISow_Grd&sig=dsluYlYBzRuayf5ymUE7TdsJkwA&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2yNLty7baAhXEDiwKHSBIBiIQ6AEwAnoECAAQSQ#v=onepage&q=%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F&f=false.
The proposed publication is unique because one book contains various interesting facts and statistics that, on the whole, make it possible to compile a fairly complete picture of the dynamics of the economic development of individual countries and regions of the world economy over a long period - from ancient times to the present. The form of presentation of the materials of the reference manual is also unusual, as it promotes a comprehensive and more balanced development of the material. For our work, the economic characteristics of the Portuguese economy disclosed here in the early 19th century, and the economic consequences of these military actions on the state of the country were important.

11. Jose Shercliff, Marion Kaplan, “Portugal: Control of (Mullins 2006) the sea trade”, Encyclopedia Britannica, last modified May 09, 2018, accessed April 22, 2018, https://www.britannica.com/place/Portugal/Control-of-the-sea-trade.
Source provides us with the relevant information considering consistently articulated a well-thought-through Portuguese policy of neutrality in all matters. By virtue of Portugal’s strategic position of influence in regard to trade, we are able to come to an understanding of the importance of capturing Portugal during Napoleon’s conquests. Encyclopedia Britannica is exceptional fact-checked online encyclopedia with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts from relevant fields.
12. Kenneth R. Maxwell, “Why was Brazil so different? The contexts of independence”. John H. Parry Memorial Lecture, April 25th 2000, Harvard University, 1-24.
In this study, Brazil is studied as a multi-dimensional country with its own peculiarities of formation and development. The author emphasizes the factors of polyethnicity, the vast territory inhabited by people of radically different nationalities. Regarding this work, it is interesting to us how the arguments for why Brazil gained independence from Portugal, economic, political, social, cultural and many others are presented.

13. Kiley, Kevin F. “Artillery of the Napoleonic Wars: 1792-1815”. London [u.a.]: Greenhill [u.a.], 2004.
In this articulate compilation, Kevin Kiley ventures into artillery used all through the Napoleonic period. He investigates Napoleon's very own artillery not leaving behind that employed by his foes, he as well looks into the contribution of the gunners to warfare in the time. By researching on specific battles in precision, Kevin Kiley displays just how the employment of artillery effectively could change the scales of victory.
14. Leonor Freire Costa, Pedro Lains, Susana Münch Miranda, “An Economic History of Portugal, 1143–2010”. Cambridge University Press, May 3, 2016. accessed May 09, 2018, https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=3yL-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=Portugal+in+19th+ century+napoleon+Political+consequences&source=bl&ots=96SlZERqhm&sig=AP3ms-psQ3xvP6jUx pe5B2h_iKU&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbgaPds8vaAhWJXiwKHX2IAPQ4ChDoATAFeg QIABBO#v=onepage&q=Portugal%20in%2019th%20century%20napoleon%20Political%20consequences&f.
This book is about the evolution of the Portuguese economy during the course of eight centuries, from the foundation of the kingdom, in 1143, when political boundaries began to take shape in the midst of the Christian Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula, to the integration of the nation in the European Communities and the Economic and Monetary Union. The questions that interest us are revealed in Chapter 5. Here the author describes the economic development of Portugal after the Napoleonic wars and its influence on the economy of the country is characterized.

15. Luis Silva, “Folk architecture heritagization in rural Portugal”, Academia Edu, 2011. Accessed May 09, 2018, https://www.academia.edu/7022003/Folk_architecture_heritagization_in_rural_Portugal.
Silva's research provides a thorough examination of the state of Portuguese architecture in the given period of time especially emphasizing broad architectural styles and their origins. Academia Edu is a reliable forum where thousands of research papers originated all over the world can be found. This one walks us through the basic explanation of Portuguese state of cities and buildings. The book aims at investigating the impact that urban views about the rural and as a result calls for on rurality in both the contemporary and future alignments of rural areas in Europe in the early twenty-first century. Portugal being a European member state, its aspect and concepts applied in the architecture and the planning of the country's spaces is well delved into. It presents as well as analyzes a broad variety of case studies coupled with both theoretical as well as methodological approaches derived from various field academics. While here we are able to see Portugal at a glance, a different volume by the author focuses primarily on Anthropology, Sociology and Geography of the greater continent of Europe.

16. Marc Heath, “The History of Architecture in Portugal in Brief”, Heath architecture and design, last modified December 2, 2017, accessed May 09, 2018, http://heatharchitecture.co.uk/the-history-of-architecture-in-portugal-in-brief.
This source provides us with the brief however relevant history of architectural trends and tendencies from the period before Portugal was born till present time. The article gives a breakdown of the various phases that Portugal went through in order that the current form of architecture be assimilated. The author may not give a detailed account of each phase, but the reader is able to catch a glimpse of what kind of a revolution took place from the very onset of architectural birth in the State of Portugal. The word brief says it all, however, their article covers reviews on things related to architecture and their legitimacy has no questions.

17. Maria Eugénia Mata, “Economic Ideas and Policies in Nineteenth-Century. Portugal”. Journal article // Luso-Brazilian Review. Vol. 39, No. 1 (Summer, 2002), accessed May 09, 2018, https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/4018/1/Economic%20Ideas%20and%20Policies%20in%20Nineteenth-Century.pdf.
The purpose of this article is to illustrate the need to consider the panorama of economic ideas and the dialogue between the intellectual thinking of economists and the actions of politicians so that the process of Portuguese economic growth can be understood. At the same time, the impact of assumed economic policies is analyzed. Despite the transformation of Portuguese economic thought of the nineteenth century, with the dissemination of the classical school paradigm, concern for economic development has diverted political action from doctrinal recommendations. For our research in this article, it is important to characterize the economic consequences of the Napoleonic wars.

18. Michael Broers, “Europe under Napoleon 1799-1815”, (London and New York: Edward Arnold, 1996).
Napoleon Bonaparte dominated the public life of Europe as no other individual before him since Charles V in the 16th century. Not surprisingly, the story of the man and his life has usually swamped those of the time and the place. This book is an effort to redress the balance. It is an attempt to see the Napoleonic Empire from an entirely new perspective: that of the ruled, rather than the ruler. Michael Broers concentrates on the experience of the peoples of Europe - particularly the vast majority of Napoleon's subjects who were neither French nor willing participants in the great events of the period - during the dynamic but shortlived career of Napoleon when half the continent fell under his rule. For us in this study, the important aspect is the impact of Napoleon's actions on Portugal.

19. N.V. Krivtsov, L.I. Larkina. “Portugal”// Publishing House Veche, 23 Apr. 2015, accessed May 09, 2018, https://books.google.com.ua/books?id=Se-NCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25&lpg=PT25&dq; =архитектура+португальские+города+19+ст&source=bl&ots=9ewK-VjgUn&sig=_90v_5nue85n AX6bgDX6_oJ9Qqc&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0hvutgdHaAhWnApoKHaU5DKw4ChDoAQ gmMAA#v=onepage&q =архитектура %20португальские%20город а%201 9%20ст&f.
This book is a historical guide to Portugal. It tells about such historic places in Portugal as Madeira, Lisbon, Alkobas, Batalha and Tomar. It reveals the landscape, historical and architectural monuments of Portugal, its recreational potential.In our study, this guide is used to refer to the architectural attractions of this amazing country.

20. Portugal. “History from the 19th century”. // Encyclopedia of Collier. Open Society. 2000. accessed May 09, 2018, https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/50/ПОРТУГАЛИЯ.
American Common Encyclopedia, published by publisher Crowell, Collier and McMillan. The authors of the encyclopedia described in their preface to the Encyclopedia their creation as "a scientific, systematic and continuously renewed collection of the most important knowledge for humanity." Here we discussed the section dealing with Portugal, namely its history in the 19th century.