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VARIANT 1 (max – 6) I. Выберите правильный ответ, обращая внимание на особенности модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Переведите предложения на рус
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VARIANT 1 (max – 6)
I. Выберите правильный ответ, обращая внимание на особенности модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1.1. Before beginning an experiment one should carefully read all the instructions.
a) are able to
b) were allowed to
c) should
1.2. You will have to check a fuel level in the car tomorrow.
a) are able to
b) will have to
c) were to 188
1.3. The designers had to work out a special line for their shop two years ago.
a) may
b) had to
c) was to
1.4. One should always inspect the machine tool before he turns it on.
a) have to
b) are able to
c) should
1.5. Automatic machines are to replace the old equipment of our shop.
a) are to
b) has to
c) ought to
1.6. In scientific work we ought to measure in units of the metric system.
a) ought to
b) must
c) has to
1.7. You were to replace the tool by another one, why didn’t you do it?
a) were to
b) have to
c) are able to
1. Прежде чем начать эксперимент, необходимо внимательно ознакомиться со всеми инструкциями.
2. Завтра тебе нужно будет проверить уровень топлива в машине.
3. Дизайнеры два года назад должны были разработать специальную линию для своего магазина.
4. Всегда необходимо проверять машину, прежде чем он включит его.
5. Автоматические механизмы должны заменить старое оборудование нашего магазина.
6. В научной работе мы должны измерять в единицах метрической системы.
7. Вы должны были заменить инструмент на другой, почему вы этого не сделали это?
II. Выберите правильный ответ, обращая внимание на видовременную форму и залог сказуемого и переведите предложения на русский язык:
2.1. We get new multipurpose machine tools last week.
a) get
b) got c) will get
2.2. The experimental line will be working for two hours on Wednesday.
a) is working
b) works
c) will be working
2.3. The tests will have been carried out by the end of the week.
a) will have been carried out
b) will carrying out
c) are carried out
2.4. Usually all these metal parts are cut automatically.
a) were cut
b) are cut
c) are being cut
2.5. The accuracy of machine tools will be improved from year to year.
a) will be improved
b) are improving
c) will improve
2.6. They were analyzing the results of their research from 4 to 6 o’clock yesterday.
a) analysed
b) were analyzing
c) were analysed
2.7. We have been developing this project for 2 years.
a) were developed
b) has been developing
c) have been developing
1. На прошлой неделе мы получили новые универсальные станки.
2. Экспериментальная линия будет работать на протяжение двух часов в среду.
3. Испытания будут проведены к концу недели.
4. Обычно все эти металлические части разрезаются автоматически.
5. Точность станков будет улучшаться каждый год.
6. Они анализировали результаты своих исследований с 4 до 6 часов вчера.
7. Мы разрабатываем этот проект уже на протяжение 2 лет.
III. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст, затем выполните тест:
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials. Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation.
That is, the materials return their original size and form when the external force disappears. The materials may also have permanent deformation or they may fracture. The results of external forces are creep and fatigue.
Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume. When a material is subjected to a bending, shearing, or torsion (twisting) force, both tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.
Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight. Under tension, a material usually stretches, returning to its original length if the force does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Under larger tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and under greater forces the material ruptures.
Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small-localized cracks develop and propagate through the material until the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force.
Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperatures usually suffer from this deformation. The gradual loosening of bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the examples of creep.
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