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Вариант 1 Контрольный текст Engineering 1. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines
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- 2021 год
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Вариант 1
Контрольный текст
Engineering
1. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects.
2. The term engineering derives from the word engineer, which itself dates back to 1325, when an engineer originally referred to “a constructor of military engines.” Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.
3. One who practices engineering is called an engineer. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of more specialized sub-disciplines, each with a more specific emphasis on certain fields of application and particular areas of technology.
4. The Pharos of Alexandria, the pyramids in Egypt, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aqueducts, and the cities and pyramids of the Mayan, Inca and Aztec Empires, the Great Wall of China, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient civil and military engineers.
5. Ancient Greeks developed machines in both the civilian and military fields. The mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. Chinese, Greek and Roman armies employed complex military machines and inventions such as artillery which was developed by the Greeks around the 4th century B.C., the ballista and the catapult.
1. Инженерия - это творческое применение научных принципов для проектирования или разработки структур, машин, аппаратов или производственных процессов или для прогнозирования их поведения в конкретных рабочих условиях. Инженерия существовала с древних времен, когда люди изобрели такие фундаментальные предметы, как шкив, рычаг и колесо. Каждое из этих изобретений согласуется с современным определением техники, использующим основные механические принципы для разработки полезных инструментов и объектов.
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