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Test Paper (2nd term) External Master Degree Program, Task 1. Read the following text. Automation is the use of logical programming commands and mec
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Test Paper (2nd term)
External Master Degree Program,
Task 1. Read the following text.
Automation is the use of logical programming commands and mechanized equipment to replace the decision making and manual command-response activities of human beings. Historically, mechanization—such as the use of a timing mechanism to trip a lever or ratchet and pawl—aided humans in performing the physical requirements of a task. Automation, however, takes mechanization a step further, greatly reducing the need for human sensory and mental requirements while simultaneously optimizing productivity. The term automation is believed to have been first coined in the 1940s by a Ford Motor Company engineer describing various systems where automatic actions and controls were substituted for human effort and intelligence. At this time, control devices were electromechanical in nature. Logic was performed by means of relays and timers interlocked with human feedback at decision points. By wiring relays, timers, push buttons, and mechanical position sensors together, simple logical motion sequences could be performed by turning on and off motors and actuators. With the advent of computers and solid-state devices, these control systems became smaller, more flexible, and less expensive to implement and modify. The first programmable logic controllers were developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Modicon in response to a challenge by GM to develop a substitute for hardwired relay logic. As technology improved and more automation companies entered the market, new control products were developed. Today, myriad computerized logic control devices developed by hundreds of different manufacturers exist in the industry.
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