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Flow over Immersed Bodies. Обтекание тел
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- 2023 год
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As with other areas of fluid mechanics, various approaches (theoretical, numerical, and experimental) are used to obtain information on the fluid forces developed by external flow.
Theoretical (i.e., analytical) techniques can provide some of the needed information about such flows. However, because of the complexities of the governing equations and the complexities of the geometry of the objects involved, the amount of information obtained from purely theoretical methods is limited. Much of the information about external flows comes from experiments carried out, for the most part, on scale models of the actual objects. Such testing includes the obvious wind tunnel testing of model airplanes, buildings, and even entire cities.
Since viscous effects are of minor importance in the generation of lift, it should be possible to calculate the lift force on an airfoil by integrating the pressure distribution obtained from the equations governing inviscid flow past the airfoil. That is, the potential flow theory discussed in Chapter 6 should provide a method to determine the lift. Although the details are beyond the scope of this book, the following is found from such calculations 1Ref. 42. The calculation of the inviscid flow past a two-dimensional airfoil gives a flow field as indicated in Fig. 9.36. The predicted flow field past an airfoil with no lift .
External flows involving air are often termed aerodynamics in response to the important external flows produced when an object such as an airplane flies through the atmosphere. Although this field of external flows is extremely important, there are many other examples that are of equal importance. The fluid force (lift and drag) on surface vehicles (cars, trucks, bicycles) has become a very important topic. By correctly designing cars and trucks, it has become possible to greatly decrease the fuel consumption and improve the handling characteristics of the vehicle. Similar efforts have resulted in improved ships, whether they are surface vessels (surrounded by two fluids, air and water) or submersible vessels (surrounded completely by water).
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