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The German and English alphabets
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The oldest runic alphabet consists of 24 sings (18 consonants and 6 vowels). The first letters of the alphabet is f, u, ю, a, r, k, so it is called Futhark. Each letter of the runic alphabet has a name and a value.
There are three types of runic alphabet:
all-German runes ( older runes)
Scandinavian runes (younger runes)
Anglo-Saxon runes (28-33 signs).
Differences between older and younger runes includes also differences destination: older used mainly for magical purposes.
The emergence of writing. Latin alphabet
There is a very large number of methods of transmitting speech in writing. People invented writing for a long time. The most famous ancient voice recording system - is an ancient Egyptian (emerged from the end of IV millennium BC. E.), writing of the Sumerians (from the end of III millennium BC. E.), Cretan writing (from the beginning of II millennium BC. E.) and Chinese writing (originated in the II millennium BC. e.). In these systems, were used most various signs: hieroglyphics, cuneiform. Alphabetic system was not yet. Writing ancient civilizations are gradually being modified: originated, developed, and was lost when a civilization in decline.
Ancient writing systems were very complicated and contained a large number of characters. More easily understandable and become systems based on the alphabet, when a single character is associated with one sound.
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The history of the German alphabet
A language ancestor of the ancient Germans stood apart from the other Indo-European languages and was a common Germanic base. Its development can be divided into two main periods: the Early and the Late German periods. The Early German covered the period from the era of gradual separation from the all-German language of Indo-European family of languages to stabilize, and the Late German covered the period from the era of all-German language until the distinguishing features of the various Germanic languages.
The ancient Germans had three types of writing: Runic writing, Latin and Gothic script writing. All kinds of writing have common roots because it is based on an alphabet borrowed from the Phoenicians and Greeks. Even the the runic alphabet, which is of great uniformity and archaic, was not identified with any specific German language, in fact, it is not an primordial Germanic alphabet, it also was borrowed.
• Runic writing.
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The history of the English alphabet
The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet consisting of 26 letters (each having an uppercase and a lowercase form) – the same letters that are found in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.
The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface. The shape of handwritten letters can differ significantly from the standard printed form (and between individuals), especially when written in cursive style. See the individual letter articles for information about letter shapes and origins (follow the links on any of the uppercase letters above).
Written English uses a number of digraphs, such as ch, sh, th, ph, wh, etc., but they are not considered separate letters of the alphabet. Some traditions also use two ligatures, æ and œ or consider the ampersand part of the alphabet.
• Old English
The English language was first written in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century.
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1. Практикум по истории английского языка/Н.Н. Гаваева, С.С. Панфилова – Саранск: Изд-во Мордов. ун-та, 2012.-92 с.
2. Введение в германскую филологию: учебник для филологических факультетов./ Арсеньева М.Г., Балашова С.П., Берков В. П., Соловьева Л.Н. – М.: ГИС, 2000.-314 с.
3. История английского языка: Учебник/ Т.А.Расторгуева.-2-е изд. стер. - М.: ООО «Издательство Астрель»: ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2003. – 348 с.
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