English Metagraphic System throuhh History

English Metagraphic System throuhh History

Introduction
1. The metagrafic system as a means of written language
1.1. Punctuation as a branch of linguistics studying
1.1.1. Grammatology
1.1.2. Epigraphy and paleography
1.1.3. History of the study of writing
1.2. Punctuation as a means of text division and organization
1.2.1. The domain of punctuation
1.2.2. Indicators and characters
1.2.3. The status of punctuation rules
1.3. Historical Survey of the Punctuation System in different Languages
1.3.1. Differences in British English and American English
1.3.2. European languages
1.3.3. East Asian languages
1.3.4. Corean and Mongolian languages
1.3.5. Other scripts (The Sanskrit, Arabic, Ethiopian languages)
2. Evolution of the English Metagraphic System
2.1. Punctuation and Capitalization in Old English Manuscripts
2.2. Middle English period
2.3. Regularities and Functioning of Metagraphemes in Modern English
2.4. The Other Punctuation Marks
2.5. Priority Among Punctuation Marks
Conclusion
Bibliography

1.Alexander F. Punctuation – the oral way. Use of English, Vol 30. 1979. РР. 43–50.
2.Al-Mutib S. Punctuation and reading comprehension among seventh and eighth grade students in a university lab school: an assessment. Ph. D. Florida State University Order №. AAD90-04988 Source DAI P3195 Vol 50/10-A. 1989.
3.Anon. A treatise of stops, points and pauses. Menston: Scolar Press (Facsimile edition) 1968 (but originally 1680).
4.Anon. Punctuation Personified London: Scolar Press (Facsimile edition) (orig. pub 1824 by John Harris as one of a number of books in his 'Cabinet of amusement and instruction'.) 1978.
5.Anon.The good child's book of stops: or, punctuation in verse. Dean and Munday. 1825
6.Applebee N. et al. Grammar. punctuation and spelling: controlling the conventions of written English at ages 9, 13, and 17. ERIC Document 282 928. 1987.
7.Backscheider P. Punctuation for the reader: a teaching approach. The English Journal, Vol 61. 1972. РР. 874–877.
8.Baldwin R. ,Coady J. Psycholinguistic approaches to a study of punctuation. J. of Reading Behavior, Vol 10(4). 1978. РР. 363–375.
9.Bateson J. A short history of punctuation. Verbatim, Vol 10. 1983. РР. 6–7.
10.Bennett J. et al. Punctuation and style. Style, Vol 11. 1977. РР. 119–135.
11.Brown E. The knight's tale. Guilt by punctuation. The Chaucer Review, Vol 21. 1986. РР. 133–141.
12.Bruthiaux P. Knowing when to stop: investigating the nature of punctuation. Language and Communication, Vol 13 (1). 1993. РР. 27–43.
13.Byngton S. Certain fashions in commas and apostrophes. American Speech, Vol 20. 1945. РР. 22–27.
14.Calkins L. When children want to punctuate. Language Arts, Vol 57 (5). 1980. РР. 567–573.
15.Cazden C., Cordiero P., Giacobbe M. Spontaneous and scientific concepts: young children's learning of punctuation // Wells G., Nichols J. (Eds.) Language and learning: an interactional perspective. Brighton: Falmer Books, 1985. РР. 107–123
16.Chafe W. Punctuation and the prosody of written language. Written Communication. Vol 5 (4). 1988. РР. 395–426.
17.Chafe W. What good is punctuation? Occasional Paper No 2 Center for the Study of Writing. University of California. 1987.
18.Chambers R. Re-punctuation: a descriptive study of text construction in reading. Ph. D. University of California, Berkely. Order No: AAD87-26160 Source: DAI Vol48/10-A. 1987.
19.Church F. () Stress terminal patterns: intonation clues to punctuation. English Journal, Vol 56 (3). 1967. РР. 426–434.
20.Close R. A. A Reference Grammar for Students of English. M., 1979.
21.Coard R. The possessive apostrophe in names. American Speech, Vol 33. 1958. РР. 176–179.
22.Coffin T. Aids to the teaching of punctuation. College English, Vol 12. 1951. РР. 216–219.
23.Cordeiro P., Giacobbe M., Cazden C. () Apostrophes, quotation marks, and periods: learning punctuation in the first grade. Language Arts, Vol 60 (3). 1983. РР. 323–332.
24.Cordeiro P. Punctuation in a third grade class: an analysis of errors in period placement. Ph. D.: Harvard University. Order No: AAD86-16763 Source: DAI 47/05-A. 1986.
25.Cordiero P. Children's punctuation: an analysis of errors in period placement. Research in the Teaching of English, Vol 22(1). 1988. РР. 62–74.
26.Cram D. Seventeenth century punctuation theory: Butler's philosophical analysis and Wilkins philosophical critique. Folio Linguistica Historica, VIII/1–2. 1989. РР. 309–349.
27.Cronnell B. Punctuation and capitalisation: a review of the literature. Southwest Regional Laboratory For Educational Research Los Alamitos, CA. ERIC Document ED208 404. 1980.
28.Cruttenden A. Intonation and the comma. Visible Language, Vol 25 (1). 1990. РР. 55–73.
29.Danielewich J., Chafe W. How 'normal' speaking leads to 'erroneous' punctuation // Freedman S. (Ed.) The acquisition of written language New Jersey: Ablex Publications Co, 1985. РР. 213–225.
30.Dawkins J. Rethinking punctuation. ERIC document ED 340 048. 1991.
31.Deneau D. Pointing theory and some Victorian practices. Yearbook of Research in English and American literature, Vol 4. 1986. РР. 97–134.
32.Dillon J. T. Functions of the colon: an empirical test of scholarly character. Educational Research Quarterly, Vol 5 (4). 1981. РР. 71–75.
33.Dillon J. T. In pursuit of the colon: a century of scholarly progress: 1880–1980. Journal of Higher Education, Vol 53 (1). 1982. РР. 93–99.
34.Edelsky C. Segmentation and punctuation: developmental data from young writers in a bilingual programme. Research in the Teaching of English, Vol 17 (2). 1983. РР. 135–156.
35.Ferreiro E., Teberosky A. Literacy before schooling. New Hampshire: Heinemann, 1983. РР. 45–48.
36.Flippo R. Evidence of the cognitive and metacognitive effects of punctuation and intonation: can the new technologies help? // Ewing J. (Ed.) Reading and the new technologies. London: MacMillan, 1985. P. 92–95.
37.Fries C. Our possessive forms. English Journal, Vol 16. 1927. РР. 693–697.
38.Furness E. Pupils, pedagogues and punctuation. Elementary English, Vol 37. 1960. РР. 184–189.
39.Garrison W. D. A dissolving view of punctuation. The Atlantic, Vol 98. 1906. РР. 233–239.
40.Gentry L. Punctuation instruction in elementary school textbooks. ERIC Document ED 199 757. 1981.
41.Gillet N. Maturity factor in the grade placement of certain punctuation skills. J. of Ed. Res.V, Vol 32. 1939. РР. 445–455.
42.Goodman J. H. Growth in punctuation and capitalisation abilities. J. of Educational Research, Vol 28. 1934. РР. 195–202.
43.Harriman P. Sources of confusion in punctuation and capitalisation usages. Peabody Journal of Education, Vol 12. 1934. РР. 31–35.
44.Harward L. A comparative study of capitalisation and punctuation performance of Florida public school students in grades five, eight, and eleven. Ph. D. Florida State University, Order No: AAD85-03168, Source: DAI 45/11-A. 1984.
45.Hofmeister A. Diagnostic test: capital letters and punctuation. ERIC Document ED 131 468. 1972.
46.Honan P. 18th and 19th Century punctuation theory. English Studies, Vol 41. 1960. РР. 92–102.
47.Hummel K. Some remarks on punctuation differences between English and French. Canadian Modern Language Review, Vol 45 (2). 1989. РР. 357–361.
48.Hunt K. Grammatical structures written at three grade levels. NCTE, 1965.
49.Hutchinson D. Developing concepts of sentence structure and punctuation. Curriculum, Vol 8 (3). 1987. РР. 13–16.
50.Ivanic R. Linguistics and the logic of non-standard punctuation. Lancaster papers in Linguistics, No 51, Department of Linguistics and Modern English usage, University of Lancaster, 1988.
51.Jarvie G. Chambers punctuation guide. Edinburgh: Chambers, 1992.
52.Jenkinson H. Notes on the study of English punctuation of the sixteenth century. Review of English Studies, Vol 2 (6). 1926. РР. 152–158.
53.Johnson E. A simpler approach to punctuation. College English, Vol 15. 1954. РР. 399–404.
54.Kress G. Learning to write. London: Routledge, 1983. РР. 70–96.
55.Lannholm G. Measurement of the ability in capitalisation and punctuation. J. of Experimental Education, Vol 8. 1939. РР. 55–86.
56.Leonard J. P. The use of practice exercises in teaching capitalization and punctuation. J. Education Research, Vol 21. 1930. РР. 186–190.
57.Levinson J. Punctuation and the orthographic sentence. Ph. D. City University of New York. Order No. AAD86-01668. 1986.
58.Little G. Punctuation // Moran M., Lunsford R. (Eds.) Research in composition and rhetoric. Conn: Greenwood Press, 1984. РР. 371–398.
59.Little G. The ambivalent apostrophe. English Today, Vol 8. 1986. РР. 15–16.
60.Little G. Towards describing punctuation. SECOL Bulletin, Vol 4 (1). 1980. РР. 1–9.
61.Lutts N. The most common errors of second grade story writers. ERIC Document ED 329 995. 1991.
62.McCorkle J. Eliminating the guess work from sentence punctuation. The English Journal, Vol 15. 1962. РР. 673–680.
63.Meyer Ch. A descriptive study of American punctuation. Ph. D. University of Wisconsin Order No. AAD83-19495. 1983.
64.Meyer Ch. F. A Linguistic Study of American Punctuation. New York: Peter Lang, 1987.
65.Mickel S. Modern Chinese Punctuation. Journal of the Chinese Language Teacher's Association, Vol 23 (1). 1988. РР. 21–39.
66.Milligan J. Learning about punctuation in the primary grades. Elementary English Review, Vol 8. 1941. РР. 96–98.
67.Mitchell S. The dangers of disguise: old English texts in modern punctuation. Review of English Studies, Vol 31. 1980. РР. 385–413.
68.Moe M. Teaching the use of the comma. The English Journal, Vol 2. 1913. pp104–108.
69.Nunberg G. The linguistics of punctuation. Stanford, Calif: Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1990.
70.Odom R. Sequence and grade placement of punctuation skills. California Journal of Education Research, Vol 13. 1962. РР. 179–185.
71.Odom R. () Growth of a language skill: capitalisation. California Journal of Educational Research, Vol 13. 1962. РР. 68–75.
72.Ong W. () Historical backgrounds of Elizabethan and Jacobean punctuation theory. Publications of the Modern Language Association, Vol 59. 1944. РР. 349–360.
73.Parkes M. B. Pause and effect: an introduction to the history of punctuation in the West. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1992.
74.Parsons E. Bowing down before the God punctuation. English Journal, Vol 4. 1915. РР. 598–599.
75.Paxon W. The mentor Guide to Punctuation. New York: Mentor Books, 1986.
76.Pearce J. Punctuation has nothing to do with pauses. Use of English, Vol 34(2). 1983. РР. 50–58.
77.Perkins C. Has punctuation been forgotten? English, Vol 14 (2). 1979. РР. 63–67.
78.Poyatos F. Punctuation as non-verbal communication. Semiotica, Vol 34 (1–2). 1981. РР. 91–99.
79.Pressy S. L. A statistical study of usage and children's errors in capitalisation. English Journal, Vol 13. 1924. РР. 727–732.
80.Pressy S. L., Campbell P. The cause of children's errors in capitalisation. English Journal, Vol 22. 1933. РР. 197–201.
81.Pullum G. Topic, comment, punctuation and human freedom. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, Vol 2(4). 1984. РР. 419–425.
82.Robinson A. The technical skills of writing: spelling and punctuation // Wray D. (Ed.) Developing children's writing. Scholastic. 1988. РР. 95–110.
83.Robinson J. Medieval punctuation, the concept of the sentence, and reading. Medieval History, Vol 2 (3). 1992. РР. 36–48.
84.Room A. Axing the apostrophe. English Today, Vol 5. 1989. РР. 21–23.
85.Rourke C. M. The rationale of punctuation. Educational Review, Vol 50. 1915. РР. 246–258.
86.Ruhlen H., Pressy S. A statistical study of current usage in punctuation. The English Journal, Vol 12. 1924. РР. 325–331.
87.Salisbury R. The psychology of punctuation. The English Journal, Vol 28. 1939. РР. 794–806.
88.Salisbury R. The reading road to punctuation skill. Elementary English Review, Vol 22. 1945. РР. 117–123 (and 138).
89.Salmon V. Early seventeenth-century punctuation as a guide to sentence structure. Review of English Studies, Vol 13. 1962. РР. 347–360.
90.Salmon V. English punctuation theory 1500–1800. Anglia, Vol 106 (3/4). 1988. РР. 285–314.
91.Shaughnessy M. Errors and expectations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. РР. 14–43.
92.Sklar E. The possessive apostrophe: the development and decline of a crooked mark. College English, Vol 38. 1976. РР. 175–183.
93.Smith F. Writing and the writer. New Hampshire: Heinemann, 1982. РР. 154–160.
94.Sopher H. The problem of punctuation. English Language Teacher's Journal, Vol 31 (4). 1977. РР. 304-313.
95.Susi G. Christian and the question mark: a story of ownership. The Reading Teacher, Vol 40(2). 1986. РР. 132–135.
96.Symonds P., Lee B. Studies in the learning of English expression. No 1: Punctuation. Teachers College Record, Vol 30. 1929. РР. 461–480.
97.Thorndike E. Punctuation. Teachers College Record, Vol 49. 1948. РР. 531–537.
98.Thorndike E. L. The psychology of punctuation. American Journal of Psychology, Vol 61. 1948. РР. 222–228.
99.Todd L. The Cassell Guide to Punctuation. Cassell, 2000.
100.Truss L. Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Profile Books, 2003. Р. 77–78.
101.Weaver W., Holmes C., Reynolds R. The effect of reading variation and punctuation conditions upon reading performance. J. of Reading Behaviour, Vol 2. 1970. РР. 75–84.
102.Wilde S. An analysis of the development of spelling and punctuation in selected third and fourth grade children. Ph. D. University of Arizona. Order No.: AAD86-23865 Source DAI Vol 47/07-A. 1986.
103.Wilde S. Learning to spell and punctuate: a study of eight and nine year old children. Language and Education, Vol 2(1). 1988. РР. 35–59.
104.Wilde S. Spelling and punctuation development in selected third and fourth grade children. Research report No 17 of Program in Language and literacy. 1987.
105.Wilde S. You kan red this!: spelling and punctuation for whole language classrooms. New Hampshire: Heinemann, 1992.
106.Zais R. The linguistic characteristics of punctuation symbols and the teaching of punctuation. The English Journal, Vol 52. 1963. РР. 677–681.