Lexical problems of economic text translation.

INTRODUCTION
The subject of the research is especially acute because of the rapid development and improvement of international economic relations. Economic text translation is required in various situations. For instance, there are letters of intent, agreements, commercial offers and other documents of organizations dealing in the sphere of international trade. There are also economic reviews in business editions and these reviews are usually published in English. In addition, official and legal texts on economic issues deserve a special mention. They must be translated in a strong accordance with the rules of linguistic equivalence and adequacy, because misunderstanding of the rules can cause misunderstanding of key issues of economic cooperation. Lexical problems of economic text translation are interesting because economic and business terminology is rather different in different languages and business cultures. Nowadays there are attempts to unify business terminology.
There are two basic ways to unify business terminology. The first one is improvement of international communication in business sphere. People from different countries deciding to communicate on business purpose use English. So, business community has elaborated so called “business English” to understand each other better. The second way to unify business terminology is connected with official commercial texts that are in English. There are bilateral and multilateral treaties, unifications of commercial rules or lex mercatoria and other international binding documents on different questions in the field of economics.
The object of the research is economic text in English and in Russian.
The subject of the research is economic text translation from Russian into English and from English into Russian. There are particularities of economic text translations and there are problems connected with lexical items.
The methodology of the research is determined by the combination of philosophical methods (for instance, an analysis, a synthesis and a comparative method) and special methods of linguistics. Some specialized methods deserve special mentioning. Comparative method is necessary to show the difference in economic vocabulary in Russian and in English. The method of text analysis or discourse analysis is necessary because the third part of the research paper is devoted to practice. Text and translation are categories of different sciences, such as comparative linguistics, translation studies, semiotics, psycholinguistics and other related sciences. All these sciences have their own methods that can be used in the present research paper.
The goal of the present research paper is to investigate lexical problems in economic text translation, to reveal different approaches to economic text translation and to elaborate advices for translators on the investigated subject.
For achieving the above-mentioned goal one should tackle the following tasks:
- to create a definition to the concept of “text”;
- to specify the particularities of economic texts;
- to analyze specifics of translating lexis in economic text
- to analyze methods of translating lexis in economic texts ;
- to investigate lexical aspect in economic texts’ translation;
- to check theoretical conclusions in practice.
The problem of specialized text translation (including economic text translation) was researched by many linguists in Russian and abroad. There are also different scientific articles written by economists, because economists are used to deal with economic texts in origin and in translation. Economic texts also can be different: there are financial texts, marketing texts, banking texts, business texts and other texts describing special area, field of economics. These texts also can be scientific or popular.
There are some scientific works on the subject of the present paper deserving a special mention. They are written by Andrea Rosalia Olteanu, O.V. Babenko, Frank Boers, A. Dvorak and V. Novak, Jianjun Wang and Yize Fan, Jonathan Charteris-Black, Mihaela Vasiloaia, N.L. Nikulshina and N.A. Gunina, Pinfan Zhu.
The academic novelty of the present research paper is that there is no complex analysis of lexical problems in the sphere of economic translation nowadays. There are special researches of translation studies and there are special researches of economic terminology in native languages of the authors of such researches. The present research paper is an attempt to combine linguistic and economic knowledge and to describe the ways to solve lexical problems of economic text translation.
The theoretical significance of the review is extremely high because the research can be helpful for postgraduate students writing their thesis or research papers and for students of the departments of translation studies. It worth mentioning that there are different textbooks on business English, but in spite of this fact there is no contemporary fundamental works on the problems of theory of translation of specialized texts in the field of economics. So, the research paper might be useful for junior scientist planning to study linguistics. As the subject of the present research is connected with lexical aspects, methods of lexicology might be the most appropriate.
The practical significance is determined by providing translators and economists working in international corporations with new information in their professional field. Therefore they can use new information in their daily work. This research paper helps them to achieve equivalent and adequate translation in complicated cases.
The structure of the present review is defined by the introduction, three parts and the conclusion. The first part is about theoretical background. It includes a paragraph about the concept of text and a paragraph about essence of specialized texts’ translation. The second part is connected with the methods and lexical aspects of economic texts’ translation. The third part contains analysis of economic texts’ translation from English into Russian.
Practical part consists of translation examples’ analysis.
There are 70 sentences that are examples in this research paper. There are examples from official texts, from contracts on economic matters, from classic scientific works on economics and from business press. All the examples are provided by the comments.
The sources are the following:
- Convention on the organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;
- Templates of agreements;
- Webmoney agreements;
- FATF official documents;
- Kenneth Arrow “Social choice and individual values”;
- Michael Porter “Competitive Strategy”;
- Euronews (section “Business”).
As one can see, all the examples in the practical part of the present research paper are connected with economics, but these examples from different sources are various. They have different style, different purpose of communication and different audience. There are scientific texts (Kenneth Arrow “Social choice and individual values” and Michael Porter “Competitive Strategy”), official texts (Convention on the organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, FATF official documents) and popular texts, business press news (Euronews – section “Business”). There are classic economic texts (Kenneth Arrow “Social choice and individual values”) and modern texts (Webmoney agreements). So, this variety will help to reveal all the peculiarities of economic text translation and study methods of translating professional lexis.

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
PART 1. DEFINITION AND PECULIARITIES OF ECONOMIC TEXTS 6
1.1 What is text: definition of the concept 6
1.2 Peculiarities of economic texts 9
PART II. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC TEXT’ TRANSLATION 16
2.1 Specifics of translating lexis in economic text 16
2.2 Methods of translating lexis in economic texts 24
PART III. PRACTICAL TRANSLATION OF ECONOMIC TEXTS: PROBLEMS AND PROBABLE SOLUTIONS 27
CONCLUSION 48
APPENDIX 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY 57

CONCLUSION
The process of writing this research paper helps to achieve the goal pointed at the introduction. Lexical problems of economic text translation were investigated, different approaches to economic text translation were revealed. In consequence of this analysis advices for translators were formulated.
For achieving the above-mentioned goal the following tasks were completed:
- a definition to the concept of “text” is analyzed;
- the particularities of economic texts are specified and described;
- peculiarities of translating lexis in economic text are revealed;
- methods of translating lexis in economic texts are analyzed;
- lexical aspect in economic texts’ translation are investigated;
- translation of economic texts is analyzed in practice.
Conclusions that were done in the research paper are represented below.
Text can be understood as a concept of semiotics or just as a concept of linguistics. In the first case, concept “text” includes not only verbal, but also non-verbal composition. Musical compositions or works of art are also texts. It is so, because they comprise of signs. In the second case, text is regarded to be a unity of lexical items that comprise a definition and have exact purpose in communication. Text is a basic item, the origin unit of communication, it is a way and method to keep and to express information, to share it with other people; text is the form to express our culture, including communicational culture.
Text is not only a message of a speaker or writer, but an independent step in a complex communication process. The text is a conduit through which meaning is sent from writer to reader.
Review of particularities of economic and business texts can lead to the following conclusions:
Firstly, the style of economic text depends on audience. Economic texts can be for professionals (for instance, scientific researches in the field of economics, commercial texts on economic issues) and for average people (for instance, economic news, business materials in mass media). In economic texts of both types many sentences are long, because they contain additional information. Nevertheless, they can be clearly understood, because they can be divided into some simple sentences. Economic texts for professionals have complicated terminology, while economic texts for average people have no specialized or professional terms. Purpose of communication differs: to impart new knowledge to professional (in the first case) or to inform public about economic problems (in the second case). Business texts in magazines should, firstly, to be interesting for average reader and to be clear for him, and secondly, to be correct in the terms of economics.
Secondly, economic texts have three basic features: 1) terminology, 2) long sentences, 3) figures and tables. Figures and tables can be regarded as the features of language, but they are an essential part of economic texts, because they show the relations amid different economic variables.
Thirdly, even metaphors in economic texts are specific. Typical metaphorical themes in economics are mechanisms and machines; animals, plants and gardening; health and fitness; fighting and warfare; ships and sailing; sports.
Analysis of specifics of translating lexis in economic texts has culminated in the following conclusions:
Firstly, the differences are discovered during comparison of some terms in Russian and English languages by different aspects. So, one can see divergence in morphological and syntactical structure, divergence in grammatical structure, divergence in lexical structure and divergence in lexico-grammatical structure. There also so-called lexical lacunas. It is possible to find equivalents in target language to translate them. The subject or phenomena comprising the meaning of lexical lacunas is absent in the target language. Such lacunas can be translated only by a wide explanation. A translator also can choose transliteration or transcription, but nevertheless he or she should explain this subject or phenomenon that is unknown for recipients.
Secondly, the main task in translation of terminology consists in building a terminological data base containing relevant terms. Special languages are subsets of the set of language as a whole. Among these subsets is also general language. Every single language for special purposes can be said to "intersect with general language, with which it not only shares features but also maintains a constant exchange of units and conventions." The vocabulary of professional communication in economic context is far from being uniform. It consists of three layers: general (neutral) vocabulary; terminology; and professionalisms. words in economic texts should be translated in the same way as they are translated in general texts. Terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases that nominate special concepts in different spheres of science and manufacture. Terms that are used in various fields of knowledge are translated in a general way if target language has no special term for this particular meaning. Terms that are specific for particular science or field, can have analogous terms in target language or to be a lexical lacuna. If a term has an equivalent in a target language, there is no problem of translation. If a term is lacuna, it can be translated by descriptive phrase. Professionalisms are frequently international. For instance, such terms as market, consignment, franchising, license, inflation, and devaluation present in many language. The reason is that English is a lingua franca in international business and the USA is the leading country in the world’s economy.
Consequently, the method that the translator of financial lexis chooses depends on the degree of equivalence within the concept. While near equivalence may require the translator to simply find a phrase in the target language with the same meaning, non-equivalence needs more involvement, where the translator needs to paraphrase carefully, without losing any of the original information and intent.
So, the translation strategies used for financial terminology translation range from TL-oriented to SL-oriented ones. The TL-oriented strategies try to assimilate the SL legal terms into the target language and legal system while the SL-oriented strategies seek to preserve the semantic content (and sometimes the linguistic form) of the SL legal terms intact. The most usual economic terminology translation strategies are functional equivalence, formal equivalence, borrowing and description. Each of them has its advantages and disadvantages; therefore, the translator has to assess every term and decide which of the strategies is to be preferred for its translation.
The third part of the present research paper is devoted to case analysis. There are examples from official texts, from contracts on economic matters, from classic scientific works on economics and from business press. All the examples are provided by comments.

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