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Вариант 1 1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и
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7. Прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы (письменно) .
THE MAIN FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
Business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller. In the modern world the control of production is largely in the hands of individual business people or entrepreneurs, who organize and direct industry for gaining profits.
The main forms of business organization are described below.
Individual Proprietorship
(Sole Trader or Sole Proprietor)
This is the simplest way of starting business. You are self-employed and fully responsible for all aspects of the management of your business.
In this form of organization the owner is in sole charge of the business and is responsible for its success or failure. Any line of business is open to an owner.
Although this form of small business has its advantages, it has certain drawbacks. In the first place the single owner is seldom able to invest as much capital as can be secured by a partnership or a corporation. If single owners are able to invest large amounts of capital, they run great risk of losing it all because they are personally liable for all the debts of their businesses. This is called unlimited liability.
Partnership.
Two or more people starting a business together can set up a partnership. All partners are responsible for the debts of the partnership and profits and losses are shared between them.
The agreement to form an association of this nature is called a partnership contract and may include general policies, distribution of profits, fiscal responsibilities, and a specific length of time during which the partnership is in effect.
Public and private companies.
A company is usually formed for the purpose of conducting business that is separate from its owners, the shareholders.
Private companies cannot sell shares to or raise money from the general public.
Public companies can sell their shares to the general public (which they usually do through a stock exchange). A company continues to exist despite changes in (or deaths among) its owners. A company can hold assets; it can sue and can be sued. The profits are distributed to the members as dividends on their shareholding. Losses are borne by the company. The day-to-day management of the company is carried out by the board of directors. Private limited companies are often local family businesses and are common in the building, retailing and clothing industries.
A private company can be formed with a minimum of two people becoming its shareholders. They must appoint a director and a company secretary. If the company goes out of business, the responsibility of each shareholder is limited to the amount that they have contributed; they have limited liability. Such a company has Ltd (Limited) after its name. Many large businesses in the UK are Public Limited Companies (PCL), which means that the public can buy and sell their shares on the stock exchange. Marks & Spencer, British Telecom and the National Westminster Bank are the examples of public limited companies.
In the US, businesses take the same basic forms. American companies have abbreviations Inc and Corp.
Other types of companies are:
1. Associated company, which is a company over which other company has substantial influence; for example it owns between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of its shares.
2. Holding company, a company that owns another company or other companies and which is sometimes referred to as the parent company (most public companies operate through a number of companies controlled by the group’s holding company);
3. Subsidiary company, a company controlled by a holding company, usually because the holding company owns (or indirectly owns through another subsidiary) more than 50 per cent of the subsidiary’s company shares.
4. What is business? Business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller.
5. What is entrepreneur? Entrepreneur organizes and directs industry for gaining profits.
6. What are the forms of small business? It is individual proprietorship (sole trader or sole proprietor).
7. What are the advantages and drawbacks of small business? This is the simplest way of starting business. You are self-employed and fully responsible for all aspects of the management of your business.
In this form of organization the owner is in sole charge of the business and is responsible for its success or failure. Any line of business is open to an owner.
Although this form of small business has its advantages, it has certain drawbacks. In the first place the single owner is seldom able to invest as much capital as can be secured by a partnership or a corporation. If single owners are able to invest large amounts of capital, they run great risk of losing it all because they are personally liable for all the debts of their businesses.
8. What is a partnership? Two or more people starting a business together can set up a partnership.
9. What are the main differences between public and private companies? Private companies cannot sell shares to or raise money from the general public. Public companies can sell their shares to the general public (which they usually do through a stock exchange).
10. What are the types of companies? The types of companies are subsidiary company, holding company, associated company.
8 Соответствующие тексту предложения отметьте буквой Т (true), несоответствующие - F(false):
11. This form of small business has only advantages. F
12. The single owner is able to invest as much capital as a partnership or a corporation. F
13. A private company can be formed with a minimum of two people. T
14. Public Limited Companies are companies whose shares may be bought and sold on the stock exchange by the public. T
15. Partners are responsible only for the debts of the partnership. F
16. Private companies can sell shares to the general public. F
17. The day-to-day management of the public company is carried out by the board of directors. T
Вариант 1
1) Переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог
1. An annual meeting is being held by the stakeholders at the moment. В настоящий момент проводится ежегодное собрание пайщиков.
Is being held – Present Continuous Passive от глагола to hold.
2. Mr. Smith has been hired this year. В этом году мистера Смита взяли на работу.
Has been hired – Present Perfect Passive от глагола to hire
3. The document was signed with a ball-pen by our manager. Документ подписал наш менеджер шариковой ручкой.
Was signed – Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to sign
4. The question was still being discussed when we came. Когда мы пришли, вопрос еще обсуждали.
was being discussed– Past Continuous Passive от глагола to discuss
came – Past Indefinite Active от глагола to come
5. This document is much spoken about. Об этом документе много говорят.
Is spoken – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to speak
2) Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге (образец выполнения 2).
1). We discuss such problems at our meetings. Such problems are discussed at our meetings by us.
2). She drew this diagram with a piece of chalk. This diagram was drawn with a piece of chalk by her.
3). We’ll sign this contract tomorrow. This contract will be signed tomorrow by us.
4). Personnel office has received resumes from prospective candidates. Resumes from prospective candidates have been received by personnel office.
5). Vice-president is busy now. He is giving orders to his employees. Vice-president is busy now. Orders are being given to his employees by him.
3) Поставьте глагол-сказуемое каждого предложения в нужную форму (образец выполнения 3).
1). I am asked to come here (next week, yesterday, already, now).
I’ll be asked to come here next week.
I was asked to come here yesterday.
I have already been asked to come here.
Вариант 1
1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа в;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
(образец выполнения 1).
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1). She puts a big amount of money into business. Она вкладывает много денег в бизнес.
puts – 3-е лицо ед.числа от глагола to put в Present Indefinite
2). All banks usually provide credit services. Все банки обычно предоставляют кредитные услуги.
services – мн.число от имени существительного, a service – услуга
banks - мн.число от имени существительного, a bank – банк
3). The stockholders are the owners of the corporation. Акционеры являются владельцами предприятия.
stockholders – мн.число от имени существительного, a stockholder – акционер
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