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Categories of finite forms/non-finite forms in the English language
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Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3
Chapter 1: Description of finite/non-finite forms in English language……………5
1.1 Infinitive………………………………………………………………………..5
1.2. Gerund…………………………………………………………………………7
1.3. Participle……………………………………………………………………….9
Chapter 2: The category of time in system of finite/non-finite forms of the English verb………………………………………………………………………………..13
2.1. Category of time in infinitive system………………………………………...13
2.2. Category of time in gerund system…………………………………………...15
2.3. Translation features of finite/non-finite forms in English……………………17
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...24
List of references………………………………………………………………….25
1.1 Infinitive
Non-personal verb forms in modern English include participles, gerunds, and infinitives. The analysis of these forms is of interest from the point of view of the general characteristics of the structure of modern English, one of the specific features of which is the developed system of non-personal forms and the features of their use. Non-personal forms of a verb possess both verb and noun traits.
Zhigadlo V.N. notes that the verbal features of non-personal forms are:
1) Categories of time, type and pledge peculiar to them, although having their own characteristics.
2) The ability to accept a direct supplement and determined by circumstance. This ability finds expression in completely the same type of combinations that do not differ from similar combinations with personal forms of the verb.
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1.3. Participle
Communion combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. The properties of the verb are expressed in that the participle has the categories of time, type, voice, can have dependent words and is determined by the adverb. [7 p. 164]. The properties of the adjective are expressed in the fact that in the sentence the participle can fulfill the function of determining.
Communion I combines the characteristics of the three parts of speech - the verb, the adjective and the adverb - and corresponds to two non-personal forms of the Russian verb, the participle I and the participle II.
Participle II is formed from the base of the infinitive in several ways. It combines the features of a verb and an adjective.
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2.1. Category of time in infinitive system
By value, the English infinitive is identical to Russian - it combines the attributes of a verb and a noun, but differs from the Russian infinitive in its morphological and, partially, syntactic features. The properties of the noun are that in the sentence the infinitive can perform the same functions as the noun. The properties of the verb are that the infinitive has categories of the form (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous), voice (Active, Passive), can have dependent words and is determined by the adverb.
Unlike the Russian language, where the infinitive has only one form (the indefinite form of the verb), in English the infinitive has six: four in the active voice (Active) and two in the passive
(Passive). Of these, only one Indefinite Infinitive is simple, and the rest are complex. The simple form of the infinitive is considered the main (or first) form of the verb and represents the verb in the dictionary.
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2.2. Category of time in gerund system
According to V.N. Gigadlo [3, p. 152], forms of gerund do not have an independent temporal meaning, but can express action in the present, past and future tenses. It is necessary, however, to stipulate that the designation of future action for gerund is more common than for communion, but less common than for infinitive.
Uncertain forms of gerund (reading, being read) basically mean an action that is simultaneous with the action expressed by the predicate, and depending on this, refers to the present or future
He insists upon my telling the whole story;
He insisted upon my telling the whole story;
He will insist upon my telling the whole story
At the same time, however, the time of action, expressed by the indefinite form of gerund, may diverge from the time of the predicate.
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2.3. Translation features of finite/non-finite forms in English
The infinitive by origin and modern usage is very close to gerund. It has the properties of a noun, may be in the sentence the subject, the nominal part of the predicate, the complement, the definition, and the properties of the verb, can take a direct complement, has collateral and temporary differences.
The simple form of the English infinitive is translated by the infinitive of the Russian verb. The functions of such an infinitive in a sentence are very diverse. [10, p. 103]. In the function of the subject, predicative member, the nominal part of the compound predicate and the circumstances of the goal, the infinitive does not present difficulties in translation into Russian. In these functions, it is translated by the infinitive or noun. [9, p.8]
The infinitive in the function of the subject can be translated by the infinitive or noun: Actually, I think it's cruel to keep them in the city.
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Conclusion to chapter 1
In this chapter, we have analyzed what impersonal verb forms and their properties are.
-The infinitive is the non-personal form from which all forms of the English verb are formed
-Gerund is the only verb form in English that has no analogue in Russian
-There is also a third non-personal form of the English verb - the participle, which combines the properties of the verb and the adjective, also shown by what members in the sentence it can be. Communion also has two forms.
Non-personal forms of the verb manifest themselves in a peculiar way in comparison with personal forms of the verb. Non-personal forms of the verb have a peculiar category of time, which will be devoted to the next chapter.
2. The category of time in system of finite/non-finite forms of the English verb
2.1.
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List of references
1. Л. Г. Верба, Г. В. Верба Грамматика современного английского языка М.: 2015, 256 с.
2. Гузеева К. А. Грамматика английского языка: Инфинитив СПб.: 2014, 312 с.
3. Жигадло В. Н. Современный английский язык. Теоретический курс грамматики М.: 2016, с. 410
4. Ильиш Б. А. Современный английский язык Л.: 2015, 280 с.
5. Иванова И. П., Бурлакова В. В., Поченуров Т. Т. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка М.: 2017, 300 с.
6. Корнеева Е. А. Грамматика английского языка в теории и практике СПб.: 2014, 270 с.
7. Цветкова Т. К. Путеводитель по грамматике английского языка М.: 2015, 415 с.
8. Arakin V. D. Comparative typology of English and Russian languages. - Moscow: Education, 1989. - 254 p.
9. Ivanova I. P., Chakhoyan L. P. history of the English language. - M., 1978.
10. M. Kolpakchi A. a Friendly meeting with the English language. – L., 1978.
11. Kachalova K. N. Izrailevich E. E.
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1. Л. Г. Верба, Г. В. Верба Грамматика современного английского языка М.: 2015, 256 с.
2. Гузеева К. А. Грамматика английского языка: Инфинитив СПб.: 2014, 312 с.
3. Жигадло В. Н. Современный английский язык. Теоретический курс грамматики М.: 2016, с. 410
4. Ильиш Б. А. Современный английский язык Л.: 2015, 280 с.
5. Иванова И. П., Бурлакова В. В., Поченуров Т. Т. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка М.: 2017, 300 с.
6. Корнеева Е. А. Грамматика английского языка в теории и практике СПб.: 2014, 270 с.
7. Цветкова Т. К. Путеводитель по грамматике английского языка М.: 2015, 415 с.
8. Arakin V. D. Comparative typology of English and Russian languages. - Moscow: Education, 1989. - 254 p.
9. Ivanova I. P., Chakhoyan L. P. history of the English language. - M., 1978.
10. M. Kolpakchi A. a Friendly meeting with the English language. – L., 1978.
11. Kachalova K. N. Izrailevich E. E. Practical grammar of English with exercises and keys. - M.: UNVES, 2002. - 716 p.
12. Yartseva V. N. Development of the national literary English language. M., 1969.
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