Оригинал текста:
Barbara Schmiedtová – Eva Flanderková.
Neurolingvistika: předmět, historie, metody.
Psycholingvistika si klade za cíl zkoumat jednak to, jakým způsobem jsou jednotlivé lingvistické položky (linguistic entries) organizovány v mysli, jednak to, k jakým mentálním procesům zde dochází a) v oblasti produkce a porozumění řeči, b) v oblasti osvojování mateřského jazyka / mateřských jazyků (bilingvismu) u dětí či nabývání cizího jazyka u dospělých a konečně c) v oblasti jazykové patologie (např. studium afázií a jiných jazykových/řečových poruch).
Перевод текста с чешского языка на русский язык:
Барбара Шмидт – Ева Фландеркова.
Нейролингвистика: предмет, история, методы.
С одной стороны, психолингвистика нацелена на изучение того, каким способом отдельные лингвистические позиции (linguistic entries) организованы в сознании, а с другой стороны - того, какие ментальные процессы происходят здесь: а) в области продуцирования и понимания речи, б) в области освоения родного языка/родных языков (билингвизм) у детей или овладения иностранным языком у взрослых, и, наконец, с) в области речевых патологий (напр., изучение афазии и других языковых/речевых нарушений). ...
Фрагмент оригинального текста:
S T A T U T
ČESKÉHO VYSOKÉHO UČENÍ TECHNICKÉHO V PRAZE
Část první
ÚVODNÍ USTANOVENÍ
Článek 1
Základní ustanovení
(1) České vysoké učení technické v Praze (dále jen „ČVUT“) je veřejnou vysokou školou univerzitního typu.
Фрагмент перевода оригинального текста с чешского языка на русский язык:
У С Т А В
ЧЕШСКОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА В ПРАГЕ
Часть первая
ВВОДНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
Статья 1
Основные положения
(1) Чешский технический университет в Праге (далее именуемый «ЧТУ») - государственное образовательное учреждение высшего образования университетского типа.
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By Rhymer Rigby
A period overseas is seen by many as an important addition to your CV. But how do you make sure that it really works to your advantage?
What should I consider before I go? “Think carefully about the job.” says executive coach, Nicola Bunting. “Does it fit in with your career goals or are you being attracted by the lifestyle? Also before you go, you need to have a re-entry plan.” Kevan Hall, chief executive of the international people management is group, Global Integration, says you shouldn't underestimate the culture shock. “Go out there beforehand. See what you’re getting into.*’
What are advantages and disadvantages? Nigel Parslow, UK managing director of Harvey Nash executive search, says staying where you are may not be possible if you work for an organisation that has overseas operations. He adds that the experience you gain is also very attractive.
What are the personal considerations? The biggest is family. This can be particularly hard for people in the middle of their careers who may have children at school. Ms Bunting says: “There's your partner's career too. Some people's spouses try and commute back and I’d really advise against this as it makes an already stressful situation even more difficult.”
What about the destination? Mr Hall says: "There’s been a power shift to Asia, and that, coupled with low growth in America and Europe, means that particularly if you’re ambitious you might want to spend some time there.''
Is there an ideal length of time? Many people say two to three years. But this will vary according to the country and organisation. Mr Parslow thinks that if you spend too long abroad, you can end up with a not entirely positive expat* label attached to you.
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A new survey of the sales industry shows who sales professionals believe make the best salespeople and the qualities needed in order to succeed.
1 A new survey of over 200 sales professionals has found that two-thirds of women and over half of men believe that women make the best salespeople, underlining the growing reputation of women in the sales industry.
2 The survey was carried out for Pareto Law, a recruitment and training company. It questioned sales professionals on what they considered to be the most important qualities for a salesperson. It also asked who would be most likely to succeed.
3 Both men (53%) and women (66%) agreed that women do make better salespeople, with Hillary Clinton voted as the top female celebrity most likely to succeed in a career in sales.
4 When asked why women make the best salespeople, men believe the main reason is that women are better at actually closing a deal, while women stated they are better than men when it comes to dealing with people. Other female skills highlighted included being more organised and being able to handle more work, while male skills were identified as strong personalities and selling skills.
5 Jonathan Fitchew, Managing Director of Pareto Law, said: «Television programmes have increased people’s interest in the sales industry, but have also highlighted the different approaches of men and women to the same sales issues. »
6 When it comes to the individual qualities required to become a successful salesperson, men ranked honesty as most important (53%), while women placed most value on personality (47%). Both agreed that integrity was also key, coming third overall (41%). Good looks came at the bottom of the list, with only 3% of sales professionals ranking this as important.
7 This focus on professionalism, rather than the hard sell, supports the fact that over half of the sales professionals questioned believe that the reputation of sales has improved over the last 10 years, with 55% of men and 47% of women considering this to be the case.
8 Both men (87%) and women (86%) agreed that the top incentive for salespeople was money, with the average sales executive expecting to earn between 25-35k, including bonuses and commission, in their first year of work. Other incentives included verbal praise, overseas holidays and cars.
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Google is developing software for the first phone capable of translating foreign languages almost instantly. By building on existing technologies in voice recognition and automatic translation, Google hopes to have a basic system ready within a couple of years. If it works, it could eventually transform communication among speakers of the world's 6,000-plus languages.
The company has already created an automatic system for translating text on computers, which is being honed by scanning millions of multilingual websites and documents. So far, it covers 52 languages. Google also has a voice-recognition system that enables phone users to conduct web searches by speaking commands into their phones rather than typing them in.
Now it is working on combining the two technologies to produce software capable of understanding a caller's voice and translating it into a synthetic equivalent in a foreign language. Like a professional human interpreter, the phone would analyze "packages" of speech, listening to the speaker until it understands the full meaning of words and phrases, before attempting translation.
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By Jonathan Moules
Dan Scarfe, Chief Executive of Windsor-based software development company Dot Net Solutions, says that he has never written a business plan for the company he founded in 2004.
Now, it is one of Microsoft's five key partners in the UK and a leading player in the hot new area of cloud computing - and to Scarfe, that is proof that setting fixed objectives is a complete waste of time.
«Writing software, or starting a new business, is incredibly difficult to plan for», he says. «You're effectively trying to second-guess exactly what you may want down the line, based on marketing conditions and varying customer demand. Whilst short-term business budgeting and strategy is vital, long-term business plans are less so». Twitter, Facebook and cloud computing were not even concepts a number of years ago, Scarfe notes, so there would be no way he could have planned for them.
David Hieatt, co-founder of Howies, the ethical-clothing manufacturer based in Cardigan, claims that a business plan is really just a guess.
«There are some brilliant business plans written, but they fail because the customer wants to do business differently», he says. «The awful truth is we don't know what will work».
He claims that the secret is to be flexible - although this often takes a lot of courage. For example, in 2001, Hieatt phoned up all of Howies' retailers and said he was going to introduce organic cotton. The initial effect of this spur-of-the-moment act was disastrous.
«We lost all our wholesale accounts overnight because they said nobody would pay £27 for a T-shirt», he recalls.
Hieatt and his colleagues managed to rescue the situation by launching a catalogue to sell products. It proved to be a turning point for Howies. «Losing all your shop accounts in one day is not great for business, but it's probably the best thing we did», Hieatt concludes. Now, the company sells 80 per cent of its products through this medium.
Others argue that business planning is often a reason for inaction. Rajeeb Dey launched Enternships, a student internship matching service. «I never wrote a business plan for Enternships, I just started it», he says - although he admits that it is easier for Internet-based businesses to do this.
Perhaps unsurprisingly, Dey and Scarfe have entirely self-financed their businesses. Venture capitalists and private investors do not usually approve of this casual attitude to planning.
To Paul Maron-Smith, Managing Director of Gresham Private Equity, a business plan is rather like a car's dashboard, guiding the entrepreneur along the road to success.
But even he admits that problems can arise when business plans become too fixed. «The aim of a business plan is to give the stakeholders a good idea of where the business is heading», he says. «Sure, there are going to be some forecasts in there that are not going to be accurate, but they are a best guess at the time».
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When launching Gilt Groupe, an online shopping site that currently has 3m members, the co-founders did not write a traditional business plan. Instead, Alexis Maybank, 35 and Alexandra Wilkis Wilson, 33, took what they had learnt from Harvard Business School. “You could have taken a good month to write a beautiful 40-page business plan, but you could have lost a critical month in getting your product to market,” says Ms Maybank, who adds that competition was coming quickly. “You don’t really know if an idea is going to take off before putting it in front of customers.”
And they did just that. The two founders used a short presentation to convey their idea to the venture capitalists they had found through the business school network. They also talked about what it was like to be two female entrepreneurs, pitching an idea to male-dominated venture capital firms. “Talking about women’s fashion to a bunch of guys in Boston was difficult and something that hadn’t been pitched to them very many times,” says Ms Maybank.
However, after initial investment, it took only two months to build a site that was ready to test. Three years later, in spite of intense competition from newer sale sites such as HauteLook or Rue La La in the US, Gilt is still expanding quickly.
Launched just before the US recession in November 2007, the Gilt site offers limited-time fashion bargains to a restricted list of customer members, and the site’s members can invite new members to use the site. Gilt’s business, dominated by its fashion sales, draws “hundreds of thousands of people” checking its site each day, the group says, mostly at or soon after it opens its selected daily sales at noon New York time.
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by Mike Southon
The most difficult sales task is asking for money, or, to use technical term, “closing”. Even experienced sales people will do anything to avoid this unpleasant part of the job. So, for business owner, an important part of sales management is to encourage, or even threaten, sales people to get them to ask for orders.
Part one of the sales cycle is the qualification process: the sales person should listen carefully to the customer’s needs and find a solution that can be delivered quickly. The larger the order, the more likely it is that the buyer may have to get authorisation from someone higher in the organisation, perhaps even the purchasing director. This is probably someone who is only interested in big discounts. It is a good idea to ask a possible buyer how much they are allowed to spend. Then you can offer them products or services that they can afford.
It’s useful to practise a good closing technique in advance of the key moment. This will include a positive summary of the sales process, explaining the benefits for the customer that the proposed solutions will bring.
Then there is the most difficult part of the script, a final question in the style of. “So, do we have a deal?” This should be followed by silence, which may feel uncomfortable, but if the sales person breaks that silence, the deal could easily disappear. Ideally, the customer will break the silence and say yes, a positive outcome for all concerned. But even if the customer says no, it is reasonable to ask why and perhaps work out how to change their mind.
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