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Grammatical classes of words. Adjective. Types of adjectives. Adverb.
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The traditional term “parts of speech” was developed in Ancient Greek linguistics and reflects the fact that at that time there was no difference between language as a system and speech, word as a part of an utterance and a part of lexis. The term “parts of speech” itself is established by linguistics as a conventional, or “non-explanatory” term to denote the lexico-grammatical classes of words which correlate with each other in the universal structure of language.
There are three types of grammatical properties of words which distinguish classes of words known as parts of speech and traditionally make the criteria for the classification of parts of speech. The semantic criterion refers to the widespread semantic properties general to the whole class of words. The formal criterion includes such formal features as word-building and word-changing that are typical for a part of speech [Rayevska 1976: 89-90]. Combinability is am additional significant formal feature for each part of speech.
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This part of speech is characterized by combinability with verbs and adjectives as well as other adverbs being modified. Adverbs perform the functions of various adverbial modifiers: of time, or place, or manner, or other. Referring to whole situations adverbs are called situation “determinants”. There are definite contexts in which adverbs join with nouns and achieve a peculiar purpose of mixed adverbial-attributive character [Bloch 2002]. This is the result of the nominalization of syntactic constructions in which the correspondent adverb functions as a regular adverbial modifier. In a sentence adverbs can fulfill the function of conjunctions, attaching the main clause or joining independent proposals as well as some adverbs play the role of subordinate allied words.
Therefore, the adjective is one of the least explored parts of speech in the English language, regarding its functional use. In view of this, we decided to fill some of the gaps here. In general, the adjective in the English language allows the division of units into three main groups depending on the functioning of the syntactic features: the adjectives that are capable of simultaneously performing of functions of attribute and predicative; unit fulfilling only attributive function; adjectives that can perform only predicate function.
Блох, М.Я. (2002) Теоретические основы грамматики. М., Высшая школа.
Вейхман, Г.А. (2010) Современный английский. Новейший справочник по грамматике. М., Астрель: АСТ.
Иванова И.П., Бурлакова, В.В., Почепцова, Г.Г. (1981) Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка. М., Высшая школа.
Rayevska, M.M. (1976) Modern English Grammar. Вища школа.
Greenbaum, S., Quirk, R., Leech, J., Svartvik, J. (2000) A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman, New York.
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