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TEXT C Pollution by Ships Shipping represents a serious threat to the environment, nature and biological life. This is due to its infrastructure
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TEXT C Pollution by Ships
Shipping represents a serious threat to the environment, nature and biological life. This is due to its infrastructure (in some harbours), to traffic itself, and to exhausts and spills from ships and harbours. Some of the major hazards are:
1) presence(disturbance of wildlife in coastal areas through boat traf-fic, landings and spills);
2) physical impact (on coasts, shorelines and bottoms by wave actions, anchoring, and on coastal areas during construction, dredging, etc.);
3) waste / solid-waste(solid-waste disposal along coasts and disposal of toilet and kitchen wastes);
4) chemical pollution (oil-spills along coasts and in open waters; oil leakage from motors and fuel tanks; accidents especially involving oil tankers).
Many types of discharge from ships are prohibited and regulated, ac-cording to the UN Act on measures against water pollution by ships.
The substances prohibited for discharge includes: oil; large volumes of hazardous liquid substances; packed hazardous substances; toilet waste; solid waste.
As for the large volumes of hazardous substances, they are divided into four categories: A, B, C and D.
Category A includes poisonous substances that, if discharged into the sea, would constitute a severe risk to marine resources or human.
Category B implies hazardous liquid substances that may constitute a risk to marine resources.
Category C means less hazardous liquid substances.
The substances of the category D are practically harmless to life in water but cause decreases in the beauty of the area.
The discharge of packed hazardous substances is strictly prohibited altogether.
The rules for the discharge of toilet waste imply that ships are only al-lowed to make a discharge more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land and the waste must be ground into finer particles and disinfected.
Prohibited for discharge solid wastes include plastic materials, paper products, rags, glass, metal, bottles, covering and packing materials. The discharge of leftovers should be done as far away from land as possible.
Emission of fumes from ships also presents a serious problem as they participate in acidification.
Загрязнение кораблями
Судоходство представляет собой серьезную угрозу для окружающей среды, природы и биологической жизни. Это связано с его инфраструктурой (в некоторых гаванях), самообслуживанием и выхлопами и разливами с судов и гаваней. Вот некоторые из основных опасностей:
1) присутствие (нарушение дикой природы в прибрежных районах через лодочную трассу, посадки и разливы);
2) физическое воздействие (на берегах, береговых линиях и дне волновым воздействиям, укоренением и на прибрежных участках при строительстве, драгировании и т. д.);
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