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The English Deictic Words: The definite article
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..3
1. The deixis in English…………………………………………………………………………...5
1.1 What is deixis?......................................................................................................................5
1.2 The place of deixis in pragmatics and semantics…………………………………………..7
1.3 The types of deixis and deictic expressions………………………………………………10
1.3.1 Person deixis……………………………………………………………………………10
1.3.2 Spatial deixis……………………………………………………………………………11
1.3.3 Temporal deixis…………………………………………………………………………12
2. The definite article in English…………………………………………………………………14
2.1 The definiteness and deixis: deictic use of “the”………………………………………...16
2.2 The asymmetries between the definite article and demonstratives ………………………18
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….22
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..23
1.1 What is deixis?
“The pointing or specifying function of some words (as definite articles and demonstrative pronouns) whose denotation changes from one discourse to another”.[18]
The word deictic has its roots in the Greek word ‘deiktikos’, meaning ‘able to show’; which comes from the word deiktos; which is a verbal of the word deiknynai, meaning to show. A related word is deixis, used in pragmatics and linguistics where it refers to a process whereby either words or expressions are seen to rely utterly on context. [19]
Deixis does not only have the function of a grammatical constituent, but it has the duty to point out the different meaning the words have even in cases they are used in the same way in different situations. Traditional grammar does not have the ability or the resources to show the difference in such cases. The timing, place, message bearers have their importance in the communicating process. On the other hand modern linguistics has a different approach.
...
1.2 The place of deixis in pragmatics and semantics
Is deixis to be considered a pragmatic’s constituent? Absolutely yes but one should better differ if is taking a linguistic overview or a philosophical one. The linguistic studies do not differ if the sentence if the sentence is true or false. This is a job that philolosophical pragmatics can do, by referring to a word with deictic functions as an indexical.[11; 165-168] Not only this, the indexical has a wider field of choosing words and interpreting words as having a deictic function. Deixis helps semantics to better analyze the context of an utterance. Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the (usually) extra linguistic context of the utterance, such as:
• who is speaking
• the time or place of speaking
• the gestures of the speaker, or
• the current location in the discourse.
...
• Temporal deixis, used to point to a time (now, then, next week, last month)
In order to interpret all these deictic expressions we must know which person, time and place the speaker has in mind. There is a great difference on what is close to the speaker (this, here, now) and what is distant (that, there, then). We can also realize whether there is a movement away from the speaker (go) or there is a movement towards the speaker (come). If somebody is moving towards you, you say: He is coming! If somebody is moving away from you, you say: He is going!
Figure 1: The categories of deixis.
1.3.1 Person Deixis
Person deixis deals with the correct identification of the grammatical persons used to refer to the speaker and the addressee.
...
2.1 The definiteness and deixis: deictic use of “the”
Primarily a pragmatic, essentially deictic (‘pointing at’) function, definiteness is expressed cross-linguistically by different devices: phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical. The most characteristic such device is the definite article (the), i.e. a bound morpheme operating on a noun or noun phrase. When it operates on a nonnominal element, the latter is nominalized—it is turned into a noun. Conversely, all deictics and nominals that function deictically (i.e. all linguistic elements that ‘point out’ a referent), including proper nouns, are definite intrinsically. Definiteness is a scalar opposition, i.e. definiteness/indefiniteness are two poles between which there are multiple intermediate points. Nonreferential indefiniteness and denominalization are iconically bound to be marked by zero (indicated below by ø), intermediate degrees are cross-linguistically marked by several devices, e.g.
...
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Literature
1. Abney, S. (1987): The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect, PhD Thesis, MIT, 363 p.
2. Buhler, K. (2011). Theory of Language. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 508 p.
3. Charles F, M. (2009). Introducing English linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 259 p.
4. Fitzgerald, F. S. (1993) The great Gatsby. Wordsworth Edition ltd, Hertfordshire, p. 128
5. Foley M. Longman Advanced Learners' Grammar / M. Foley. Hall. - Pearson Education Ltd, 2003, 384 p.
6. Huddleston Rodney, P. G. (2006). A Student's Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 312 p.
7. Levinson, S. C. (1995). Cognitive anthropology . In Handbook of Pragmatics, 869 p.
8. Levinson, Stephen C. 2004. Deixis and pragmatic. In: L. Horn & G. Ward (eds.). The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell, 96-123 p.
9. Lyons, J. (1977). Deixis, space and time" in Semantics, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press, 636-724 p.
10. Lyons, John 1979. Deixis and anaphora. In: T. Myers (ed.). The Development of Conversation and Discourse. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 897 p.
11. Lycan, W. G. (2000). Philosophy of language. A contemporary introduction. New York: Routledge, 234 p.
12. Saeed, J. (2003). Semantics, second edition. Cornwell: Blackwell Publishing, 440 p.
13. Suchman, L. A. (1990). What Is Human--Machine Interaction? (W. Z. Scott P. Robertson, Ed.) Cognition, Computing, and Cooperation, 255-267 p.
14. Tomasello, Michael 2003. Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 388 p.
15. Wilkins D P, Hill D 1995 When GO means COME. Cognitive Linguistics 6, 209-260 p.
Electronic sources
16. Emanuele, P. V. (2013, March 09). Il sole 24 ore. Retrieved March 13, 2013, from Il sole 24 ore: http://www.ilsole24ore.com /art/English -version/2013-03-09/ desequestering-economy-italys 035150.shtml?uuid=AbVtYNcH
17. Levinson, Stephen C. (2006) "Deixis". In Laurence R. Horn, Gregory L. Ward (eds.) The Handbook of Pragmatics, pp. 978–120. Blackwell Publishing.
http://www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/uid=532/tocnode?id=g978063122548
18. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deixis
19. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pragmatics?s=t
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