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PRINCIPLES OF WORD-FORMATION IN ENGLISH
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1. PRINCIPLES OF WORD-FORMATION IN ENGLISH 3
1.1. Affixation: Prefixation and Suffixation 3
1.2. Borrowings, Reverse Derivation 10
1.3. Conversion and Compounding in English words 13
1.4. Principle ways of word-formation in German 20
List of references 26
1.2. Borrowings, Reverse Derivation
The “guests from another language,” or borrowed words, permeate the English language. Through linguistic osmosis, these many thousands of words were taken over from one language by another during the course of English history mainly due to the constant uninvited arrival of invaders to the island.
If borrowings are testimonials to our (“our” being humans) “physical mobility and mental laziness” then the British would probably win the gold medal. How could a country whose original inhabitants were Celts have ceded that language to the one we currently know as English? It is because of the many times that the British Isles were invaded, obviously by outsiders, who brought their language, dialects and customs into the country4.
English has gone through many periods in which large numbers of words from a particular language were borrowed.
...
1.3. Conversion and Compounding in English words
The term conversion (originally 'the process of bringing over from one belief, view, or party to another') was first mentioned in 1900 by H. Sweet. It refers to numerous cases of phonetic identity of two words belonging to different parts of speech.
Some of the new names derived by conversion are used regularly and become lexicalized, enter the lexicon. Some of the uses, however, remain nonce words, or occasional words.
Thus, the term 'affixless word-derivation' is used to underline the formation of a new word without a derivational affix.
Some linguists regard conversion as a kind of polysemy because it is regularly patterned and derived units are semantically related like the senses of a polysemantic word. But in contrast to polysemy, the new naming units created by conversion belong to different parts of speech - they are different words and not just new senses.
...
1.4. Principle ways of word-formation in German
Germans have traditionally displayed strong ambivalence about adopting foreign words. Some people enthusiastically embrace trendy items from other languages (e.g. "der Trend"), while others throw up their hands in horror at the degradation of their language.
Actually, loanwords have always constituted huge portions of the German vocabulary. Most of them have become so much a part of the language that modern speakers are unaware of their origin. Only etymologists know that words like "das Fenster" (window) and "die Mauer" (wall) are building-construction terms that the early Germans learned from the Romans (fenestra; murus).
Some words acquire appeal through folk etymologies that attribute foreign origins to them.
...
List of references
1. Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М.: Дрофа, 2006. – С. – 78-128.
2. Гинзбург Р.З. Лексикология английского языка. М.: Высшая школа, 1979. – С. 108-216.
3. Зыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии. М.: Академия, 2006. – С.57-77.
4. Adrian Akmajian et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT Press, 2001.
5. David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2005.
6. Liberman, Anatoly Dr. (Ph.D.) University of Minnesota. Word Origins and How We Know Them. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. And assorted lectures from his Origins of English Words course.
7. Lynch, Jack. The Lexicographer’s Dilemma. New York: Walker Publishing Co., Inc., 2009.
8. Vanessa Redgrave and Winona Ryder in the movie Girl, Interrupted, 1999.
9. Affixation (words). URL: http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/Affixation.htm
10. Compound nouns (Komposita). URL: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~deutsch/Grammatik/Wortbildung/Komposita.html
11. Definition of affixation and general classification of affixes. Prefixation. Suffixation. URL: http://studall.org/all2-43022.html
12. Derivation (words). URL: http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/derivterm.htm
13. Foreign words (Fremdwoerter). URL: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~deutsch/Grammatik/Wortbildung/Fremdwoerter.html
14. Freeden Ch. Borrowed words in English. URL: http://www.danshort.com/ie/borrowedwords.htm
15. Major Periods of Borrowing. URL: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/structure/borrowed.html
16. Types of borrowing, Reasons for borrowing. URL: http://www.ranez.ru/article/id/387/
17. Word Formation (Wortbuoiding). URL: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~deutsch/Grammatik/Wortbildung/Wortbildung.html
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